pijn Dutch · revision 37402

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=c. 1151, Old Dutch (Werden fragments)|origins=grc ποινή}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /pɛi̯n/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''pijn''' ''f'' (plural pijnen, diminutive pijntje n)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|pîne]], [[inh|odt|pīna|t=punishment; suffering]], [[bor|la-lat|pēna]], a Christian term borrowed from the Church's word for punishment, especially the punishment of hell.^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(ONW)^(Wiktionary) The Latin word is classical [[m|la|poena|t=penalty]], itself from [[grc|ποινή|tr=poinḗ|t=penalty, fine]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971) The loan was shared with [[osx|pīna]], [[goh|pīna]] (modern [[de|Pein]]), [[ofs|pīne]] and [[ang|pīn]]; [[non|pína]] came from Middle Low German.^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)

+

+ The long ⟨ī⟩ is the regular outcome of Latin ⟨ē⟩ in such early loans, as in [[krijt]], [[spijs]] and [[zijde]].^(De Vries 1971)^(WNT)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|286) Later Middle Dutch [[m|dum|pene]], from the language of law, is a fresh borrowing of the same Latin word.^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(WNT) Because punishments were often corporal, the word came to mean bodily pain.^(EWN)

+

+ [[ae|kaēnā|t=punishment, revenge]], [[lt|káina|t=price, value]] and [[cu|цѣна|tr=cěna|t=price]] are related to it; all come from [[ine-pro|*kʷoi-nā]], a derivative of the root [[m|ine-pro|*kʷei-|t=to punish, pay]].^(EWN)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The Old Dutch word is recorded in the Werden fragments of about 1151, both as “punishment”, in a passage saying that the damned had no greater punishment than living in darkness, and as “suffering”, of the pain Christ bore for mankind.^(ONW) In early Middle Dutch it meant “hard toil” (1201–1225, ''mit pine wart ic dar braht'' “with great effort I was brought there”), and a Ghent text of 1236 uses it for a penance.^(EWN)^(VMNW)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Middle Dutch ''pine'' covered punishment (''sunder pine'' “unpunished”, 1240), the torments of hell (1265–1270), bodily pain and grief, and also misery and hard work;^(EWN)^(VMNW) ''pine van minnen'' was the pain of love (1270–1290).^(EWN)^(VMNW) It could mean a fine, as in a Dordrecht text of 1278, and the death penalty.^(VMNW)^(MNW) Kiliaan in 1599 still gave “punishment, bodily pain, misery, heavy labour”.^(EWN)

+

+ In the language of the courts ''pijn'' was torture used to extract a confession: ''iemand ter pijne stellen'' was to put someone to the rack, and ''buiten pijn en banden bekennen'' “to confess without torture or chains”, once a legal formula, survives only in jest.^(WNT) The phrase ''het is de pijne niet waard'' “it is not worth the trouble” keeps the sense “effort”.^(MNW)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) The sense “punishment” has long been obsolete, and modern Dutch uses the word for physical and mental pain.^(WNT)^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ The word passed into Negerhollands (''pien'', ''pin''), Berbice Dutch (''pin''), Sranan Tongo (''pen'') and Aukan (''pin''), and Afrikaans has [[m|af|pyn]].^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 1151 – Old Dutch ''pīna'' “punishment; suffering” appears in the Werden fragments.^(ONW)

+ * 1201–1225 – Middle Dutch ''pine'' means “great effort”.^(EWN)

+ * 1236 – A Ghent text uses ''pine'' for a penance.^(VMNW)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * 1240 – The Bernardus glossary has ''sunder pine'' “unpunished”.^(EWN)

+ * 1265–1270 – ''Der hellen pine'' “the torment of hell” is recorded.^(EWN)

+ * 1270–1290 – ''Pine van minnen'' “the pain of love” is recorded.^(EWN)

+ * 1349 – The verb ''pinen'' “to torture” is recorded.^(EWN)

+ * 1599 – Kiliaan defines ''pijne'' as punishment, pain, misery and hard work.^(EWN)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|pain]], an unpleasant or unbearable bodily feeling: ''Na de val had hij pijn in zijn knie.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(ANW)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Mental [[m|en|suffering]], grief, sorrow: ''de pijn van het afscheid''.^(Van Dale 2014)^(ANW)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[pijnigen]]

+ * [[pijnlijk]]

+ * [[pijnloos]]

+ * [[pijnstiller]]

+ * [[pijngrens]]

+ * [[pijnbank]]

+ * [[hellepijn]]

+ * [[hoofdpijn]]

+ * [[buikpijn]]

+ * [[kiespijn]]

+ * [[maagpijn]]

+ * [[tandpijn]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[pijnboom]]

+ * [[de|Pein]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Iemand pijn doen'' is to hurt someone, in body or feelings, and ''pijn in het haar hebben'' is to have a hangover.^(Van Dale 2014) A separate, rare noun ''pijn'' means “pine tree”: it is Middle Dutch ''pijn'', from [[la|pīnus|t=pine]], and is found mainly in compounds such as [[pijnboom]], first recorded around 1240 as ''pînbôm''.^(De Vries 1971)^(WNT)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|286) De Vries places that borrowing in the Lower Rhine area, from northern Gaul.^(De Vries 1971) Van Dale and the ANW mark it as an old name for the pine, and poets also used it for a ship, after Latin usage.^(Van Dale 2014)^(ANW)^(WNT)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}