wapen Dutch · revision 37401

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=901–1000, Wachtendonck Psalms|origins=gem-pro *wēpną}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈʋaː.pə(n)/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''wapen''' ''n'' (plural wapens or wapenen, diminutive wapentje n)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|wâpen]], [[inh|odt|wāpan]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*wāpn]], [[inh|gem-pro|*wēpną|t=weapon]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)^(Kroonen 2013) The same noun is [[osx|wāpan]], [[goh|wāfan]] (modern [[de|Waffe]]), [[ofs|wēpin]], [[ang|wǣpen]] (modern [[en|weapon]]), [[non|vápn]] and [[got|𐍅𐌴𐍀𐌽|tr=wēpn]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Kroonen 2013)

+

+ No relatives outside Germanic are known, and the EWN calls the further origin unknown.^(EWN)^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997)^(De Vries 1971) Franck and Van Wijk reject a comparison with [[grc|ὅπλον|tr=hóplon|t=tool, weapon]], both for the consonants and for the initial sound.^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) Kroonen notes that Old Norse and Old English also have forms that point to [[m|gem-pro|*wēbną|alt=*wēbna-]], and explains the alternation by an older n-stem that was given a new stem early, since Gothic already has it.^(Kroonen 2013) He derives that noun from the iterative verb [[gem-pro|*wappōną|t=to wave, shake]], seen in [[wapperen]] and in obsolete [[m|nl|wappen|t=to strike, cuff]], probably through a sense “to brandish”.^(Kroonen 2013)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ The sense “coat of arms” belongs to the same word: from the 12th century the shield, the main weapon of defence, bore a sign of the knight's lineage.^(EWN) In this sense the word spread from Flanders with chivalric culture into German, where [[m|de|Wappen]] has been kept apart from the word for weapon since the 16th century.^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(EWN)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old Dutch has the word in the 10th-century Wachtendonck Psalms in the collective ''geuuepene'' “armament”, and around 1100 the Egmond Willeram has ''wighwaphane'' “weapons of war”.^(EWN) The Werden fragments of about 1151 use ''wāpan'' for an instrument of martyrdom.^(ONW) In Middle Dutch a Ghent ordinance of 1237 fines anyone who carries a murderous weapon, ''mordadech wapin''.^(VMNW)^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Middle Dutch ''wapen'' meant a weapon of attack or defence, armour, and also a tool in general, which the Middelnederlandsch Woordenboek thinks may be the oldest sense.^(MNW)^(VMNW) Kiliaan still glossed it as “a craftsman's tool”, and a proverb of 1549 says that a bad workman never finds good tools.^(WNT) The plural without an ending, ''wapen'', lasted until the 17th century beside ''wapenen'' and ''wapens''.^(WNT)

+

+ The heraldic sense appears in 1340–1360, of a silk coat into which a knight's arms were woven; later towns, guilds and monasteries had their own arms as well.^(EWN) The cry ''wapen!'', first a call to arms to pursue a criminal, became an exclamation of grief or outrage, as in a text of 1301: “alas, I have murdered this man”.^(MNW)^(Vercoullie 1925) The rallying cry ''te wapen!'' renders Latin ''ad arma''.^(Van der Sijs 2005) Modern Dutch also uses ''wapen'' for a branch of the armed forces.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ In the sense “coat of arms, badge” Dutch ''wapen'' was borrowed into Javanese (''bapem'') and Makassarese (''bâpeng''), for a metal badge worn on the chest.^(Van der Sijs 2010)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 901–1000 – The collective ''geuuepene'' “armament” appears in the Wachtendonck Psalms.^(EWN)

+ * c. 1100 – The Egmond Willeram has ''wighwaphane'' “weapons of war”.^(EWN)

+ * c. 1151 – The Werden fragments use ''wāpan'' for an instrument of torture.^(ONW)

+ * 1237 – A Ghent ordinance mentions ''mordadech wapin'', a murderous weapon.^(VMNW)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * 1240 – The Bernardus glossary has ''wapen'', and the verb ''wapennen'' “to arm”.^(EWN)

+ * 1301 – ''Wapene'' is used as a cry of grief.^(MNW)

+ * 1340–1360 – ''Wapen'' means “coat of arms”.^(EWN)

+ * 1549 – A proverb uses ''wapen'' for a workman's tools.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|weapon]], an object for fighting or for defending oneself: ''De politie vond het wapen in een sloot.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A [[m|en|coat of arms]], the heraldic sign of a family, region, town or country.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # A branch of the armed forces with a particular combat role.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[wapenen]]

+ * [[ontwapenen]]

+ * [[vuurwapen]]

+ * [[kernwapen]]

+ * [[moordwapen]]

+ * [[familiewapen]]

+ * [[stadswapen]]

+ * [[wapenfeit]]

+ * [[wapenbroeder]]

+ * [[wapenhandel]]

+ * [[wapenkunde]]

+ * [[wapenrok]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[wapperen]]

+ * [[en|weapon]]

+ * [[de|Waffe]]

+ * [[de|Wappen]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Een balk in zijn wapen voeren'' “to bear a bar in one's arms” is to be illegitimate, after the heraldic mark for a bastard line, and ''hoog in zijn wapen zijn'' is to be proud.^(Stoett 1923)^(Winschoten 1681) ''Iemand met zijn eigen wapens bestrijden'' is to use someone's own arguments against him.^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}