bloed Dutch · revision 37394

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=901–1000, Wachtendonck Psalms|origins=gem-pro *blōþą}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /blut/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''bloed''' ''n'' (uncountable, no diminutive)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|bloet]], [[inh|odt|bluot]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*blōd]], [[inh|gem-pro|*blōþą|alt=*blōda-|t=blood]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)^(Kroonen 2013) The same word is [[osx|blōd]], [[goh|bluot]] (modern [[de|Blut]]), [[ofs|blōd]], [[ang|blōd]] (modern [[en|blood]]), [[non|blóð]] and [[got|𐌱𐌻𐍉𐌸|tr=blōþ]], the Gothic form showing grammatical alternation.^(EWN)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(Kroonen 2013)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|76)

+

+ The word is found only in Germanic and its origin is unclear.^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971) De Vries notes that it replaced older words such as [[la|cruor]] and [[grc|αἷμα|tr=haîma]], and explains the renewal by taboo, as blood was surrounded by magical ideas.^(De Vries 1971) Kroonen takes it as a neuter collective, formed either to [[gem-pro|*blōaną|t=to bloom]], from the red colour (Middle Dutch also used the noun for blushing), or to [[gem-pro|*blēaną|t=to blow]], in the sense “to gush”.^(Kroonen 2013)^(Wiktionary) De Vries and De Tollenaere and Van Veen also think of a link with [[bloeien]], which the EWN finds unlikely.^(EWN)^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|76) Kluge suggested a euphemism from [[ine-pro|*bʰel-|t=to swell]], and De Vries a root meaning “to swell up”, as “that which wells up”;^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) Franck and Van Wijk preferred a form meaning “the red one”, related to [[blauw]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) Given its isolation the EWN thinks it most probably a word from a non-Indo-European substrate.^(EWN)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The Wachtendonck Psalms of the 10th century have the dative ''bluode'' and the genitive plural ''bluodo''.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001) Middle Dutch ''bloet'' is first recorded in 1236, and the Bernardus glossary of 1240 translates both Latin ''sanguis'' and ''cruor'' with the word.^(EWN)^(VMNW)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|76)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In Middle Dutch the word meant blood, and also complexion, lineage and family.^(EWN) Blood was the bearer of qualities and moods: a text of 1287 says certain meat makes good blood and donkey meat bad blood, and Middle Dutch said ''uut heten bloede'' “in a fit of anger” and ''met coelen bloede'' “in cold blood”; the modern ''kwaad bloed zetten'' “to cause bitterness” continues this.^(VMNW)^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997) ''Vlees en bloed'' as the two parts of the bodily person is recorded in 1618.^(WNT)

+

+ From phrases like ''een edel bloed'' “a man of noble blood” came ''een arm bloed'' “a poor man”, and the word then became masculine: ''de bloed'' “a wretch, a simpleton” is recorded from 1596, and the diminutive ''bloedje'' “a poor little child” from 1644.^(WNT)^(Vercoullie 1925) As a prefix, ''bloed-'' means “very”: ''bloedarm'' “very poor” (1560), ''bloedjong'' (1823), ''bloedheet'' (1904), ''bloedlink'' “very dangerous” (1948).^(EWN) The EWN thinks this use started from compounds like ''bloedrood'' (''al bloet roet'', 1287), perhaps with German influence.^(EWN)

+

+ The proverb ''het bloed kruipt waar het niet gaan kan'', that love between relatives always shows itself, was already medieval.^(Stoett 1923) ''Blauw bloed'' “noble descent” translates Spanish ''sangre azul''.^(Van der Sijs 2005) Through the oath ''bij Gods bloed'', by which God and his blood were called to witness, the word entered Dutch swearing.^(Van Sterkenburg 2001) The word went into Sranan Tongo ([[m|srn|brudu]], from Dutch or English), Berbice Dutch ([[m|brc|blutu]]), Negerhollands and Javindo, and Afrikaans has [[m|af|bloed]].^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 901–1000 – The Wachtendonck Psalms have the dative ''bluode''.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * 1236 – Middle Dutch ''bloet'' is first recorded.^(EWN)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|76)

+ * 1240 – The Bernardus glossary translates ''sanguis'' and ''cruor''.^(VMNW)

+ * 1287 – ''Al bloet roet'' “all blood-red” is recorded.^(EWN)

+ * 1560 – ''Bloetarm'' “very poor” shows the intensifying prefix.^(EWN)

+ * 1596 – ''Bloed'' is used of a person, a poor wretch.^(WNT)

+ * 1644 – The diminutive ''bloeyken'' “poor little child” is recorded.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|blood]], the red fluid circulating in the bodies of humans and higher animals: ''Hij gaf bloed voor de bloedbank.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(ANW)^(Wiktionary)

+ # lineage, [[m|en|descent]]: ''van koninklijken bloede''.^(WikiWoordenboek)^(EWN)

+ # ''(figurative)'' a grave consequence, a high price.^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(dated)'' a person, especially a poor wretch: ''een arm bloed''.^(WNT)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[bloeden]]

+ * [[bloedig]]

+ * [[bloederig]]

+ * [[bloed-]]

+ * [[bloedverwant]]

+ * [[bloedzuiger]]

+ * [[bloedarm]]

+ * [[bloedbad]]

+ * [[bloeddruk]]

+ * [[bloedgroep]]

+ * [[bloedvat]]

+ * [[bloedworst]]

+ * [[bloedhond]]

+ * [[volbloed]]

+ * [[koelbloedig]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[en|blood]]

+ * [[de|Blut]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Bloed, zweet en tranen kosten'' is to demand the utmost effort.^(ANW) ''In koelen bloede'', “in cold blood”, keeps an old dative ending.^(Wiktionary)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}