hart Dutch · revision 37393

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=901–1000, Wachtendonck Psalms|origins=ine-pro *ḱérd}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ɦɑrt/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''hart''' ''n or f'' (plural harten, diminutive hartje n)^(Wiktionary)

+ Older and regional forms are ''herte'', ''harte'' and ''hert'';^(WNT)^(Wiktionary) ''herte'' is still usual in Flanders and Zeeland, ''hert'' in Brabant and Limburg.^(WNT)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|herte]], [[inh|odt|herta]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*hertā]], [[inh|gem-pro|*hertô|alt=*hertan-|t=heart]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)^(Kroonen 2013) The same word is [[osx|herta]], [[goh|herza]] (modern [[de|Herz]]), [[ofs|herte]], [[ang|heorte]] (modern [[en|heart]]), [[non|hjarta]] and [[got|𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍄𐍉|tr=hairtō]]; in Germanic it was originally an n-stem.^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Kroonen 2013)^(WNT)

+

+ It is an old Indo-European word, related to [[la|cor]], [[grc|καρδία|tr=kardía]] and [[m|grc|κῆρ|tr=kêr]], [[lt|širdìs]], [[cu|срьдьце|tr=srĭdĭce]], [[sga|cride]] and [[xcl|սիրտ|tr=sirt]], from [[ine-pro|*ḱérd|alt=*ḱ(e)rd-|t=heart]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997) Kroonen gives the old inflection as a nominative ⟨*ḱḗr⟩ from older ⟨*ḱérd⟩ with a genitive in the zero grade.^(Kroonen 2013) The initial consonant of [[sa|हृद्|tr=hṛ́d]] does not fit and is unexplained;^(Kroonen 2013)^(Van Haeringen 1936)^(De Vries 1971) Van Haeringen still counts the word as related, and De Vries posits a second root beside the first.^(Kroonen 2013)^(Van Haeringen 1936)^(De Vries 1971)

+

+ Middle Dutch had both ⟨herte⟩ and ⟨harte⟩, the latter at first only in West Flanders.^(EWN) Short /e/ before /r/ and a dental varied in many Middle Dutch words, and the forms with /a/ are generally oldest in the Flemish dialects.^(EWN) The EWN thinks the homonymy with [[hert|t=deer]], which also had a variant ⟨hart⟩, may have helped make ⟨hart⟩ the standard form.^(EWN) The word was originally neuter, but the ending ⟨-e⟩ made it feminine for many speakers, and feminine forms survive in fixed phrases.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The Wachtendonck Psalms of the 10th century have ''herta'' “heart”.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001) In Middle Dutch the dative ''sinen herten'' occurs in Floyris (1201–1225), and the Bernardus glossary of 1240 translates Latin ''cor'' and ''precordia'' with ''herte''.^(EWN)^(VMNW)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Already in Middle Dutch the word had many figurative senses: mind, memory, courage and centre.^(EWN) The heart was the seat of love, loyalty and devotion, and ''van herten'' “heartily” is common from the life of Saint Lutgart (1265–1270) on.^(VMNW) ''Hartstocht'' “passion”, recorded by Kiliaan in 1599, was formed after Latin ''passio''.^(EWN) ''Harten'' “hearts” as a suit of playing cards is first recorded in 1612, named after the heart-shaped figures on the cards.^(EWN)

+

+ In ''iemand een hart onder de riem steken'' “to encourage someone” the heart means courage, and the belt is the one soldiers wore from the left shoulder across the chest;^(EWN)^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997)^(Vercoullie 1925) Vercoullie thought instead of a seaman's phrase about putting an oar under the sail.^(EWN)^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997)^(Vercoullie 1925) ''Van zijn hart geen moordkuil maken'' “to speak one's mind” is corrupted from 17th-century ''geen smoorkuil'', and ''waar het hart vol van is, vloeit de mond van over'' comes from Matthew 12:34.^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997) ''Het hart hoog dragen'' means to be proud.^(Stoett 1923) In geography ''het Groene Hart'' is the open country inside the Randstad.^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ The word went into Negerhollands (''hert'', ''hart'') and Sranan Tongo ([[m|srn|ati]]), which passed it on to Saramaccan;^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary) Afrikaans has [[m|af|hart]].^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 901–1000 – Old Dutch ''herta'' in the Wachtendonck Psalms.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * 1201–1225 – Middle Dutch ''sinen herten'' in Floyris.^(EWN)

+ * 1240 – The Bernardus glossary translates ''cor'' with ''herte''.^(VMNW)^(EWN)

+ * 1265–1270 – ''Van herten'' “heartily” is recorded.^(VMNW)

+ * 1599 – Kiliaan records ''herts-toght'' “passion”.^(EWN)

+ * 1612 – ''Harten'' is recorded as a suit of cards.^(EWN)

+ * 1772 – The heart of cold-blooded animals is described as having a single chamber.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|heart]], the hollow muscle in the chest that pumps the blood: ''Zijn hart klopte snel.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(ANW)^(Wiktionary)

+ # the area of the chest where the heart is.^(Van Dale 2014)^(ANW)

+ # the heart as the seat of feelings and character; feeling, mind: ''een goed hart hebben''.^(ANW)^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # heart as meat, from slaughtered animals.^(Van Dale 2014)^(ANW)

+ # a heart shape, a heart-shaped object.^(Van Dale 2014)^(ANW)

+ # the middle, [[m|en|core]] of something: ''het hart van de stad''.^(Van Dale 2014)^(ANW)^(Wiktionary)

+ # the middle of a period: ''hartje winter''.^(Van Dale 2014)^(ANW)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[hartstocht]]

+ * [[hartig]]

+ * [[behartigen]]

+ * [[barmhartig]]

+ * [[hartelijk]]

+ * [[harteloos]]

+ * [[luchthartig]]

+ * [[hartaanval]]

+ * [[hartkamer]]

+ * [[hartslag]]

+ * [[hartzeer]]

+ * [[hartendief]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[en|heart]]

+ * [[de|Herz]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Hart'' is also an archaic northern form of [[hert]] “deer”.^(Wiktionary)^(WNT) The old feminine survives in ''ter harte nemen'' and ''van harte''.^(WNT)^(Wiktionary) The plural ''harten'' is the card suit hearts.^(EWN)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}