winnen Dutch · revision 37392

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=c. 1100, Old Dutch (Egmond Willeram)|origins=gem-pro *winnaną}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈʋɪ.nə(n)/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''winnen'''^(Wiktionary)

+ Older Dutch often had the past tense ''wan'', kept for a long time in biblical language and still heard in dialect.^(WNT) The usual forms are ''won'' and ''gewonnen''.^(Van Donselaar 1989)^(WNT) A rounded form ''wunnen'' is recorded only for West Flanders.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|winnen]], [[inh|odt|winnan|t=to earn, obtain]], [[inh|gem-pro|*winnaną|t=to toil; to strive; to win]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)^(ONW) The same verb is [[osx|winnan]], [[goh|winnan]], [[ofs|winna]] (modern [[fy|winne]]), [[ang|winnan]] (modern [[en|win]]) and [[non|vinna]], with meanings that range over “to fight, exert oneself, strive, obtain, win”;^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) Old High German, Old Saxon and Old English also have “to suffer”, and [[got|𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽|tr=winnan]] means only “to suffer”.^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) All the West Germanic languages also had a form with the prefix [[m|gem-pro|*ga-]] meaning “to obtain by effort”, while [[m|got|𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽|tr=gawinnan]] again means “to suffer”.^(EWN)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)

+

+ The further origin is uncertain.^(EWN) If the first sense was “to gain by effort”, the Germanic verb, from an older ⟨*wenwan-⟩, fits the Indo-European root for “to desire” of [[waan]] and [[wennen]], and this is the most widely held view.^(EWN) Wiktionary traces it to [[ine-pro|*wenh₁-|t=to strive, desire, wish, love]] and compares [[sa|वनोति|tr=vanóti|t=to win, defeat, procure]].^(Wiktionary)^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997) Franck and Van Wijk point out that “to suffer, toil, live with hardship” looks older, which would make “to obtain” secondary and the link with “to desire” very doubtful; the Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal takes the same view.^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(EWN)^(WNT) Franck and Van Wijk also compared [[la|cōnor|t=I try, strive]], which Van Haeringen thinks belongs elsewhere.^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(Van Haeringen 1936) De Vries reviews still other starting points, such as “to feed” and “to fence in”, and finds the meanings hard to reconcile.^(De Vries 1971)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The Old Dutch verb appears around 1100 in the Egmond copy of Williram's paraphrase of the Song of Songs, in the sense “to earn, obtain”: the bride speaks of her bridegroom, ''ther mir pacem hauet gegen sinen uader gewunnon'', who has won peace for her with his father.^(ONW)^(EWN) Middle Dutch ''winnen'' is first recorded in Ghent in 1237, in the sense “to acquire”.^(VMNW)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Middle Dutch ''winnen'' meant getting something by work or struggle: to till land (Latin ''excolere'' is glossed ''winnen'' in 1240), to grow crops (''coren winnen'', 1285), to earn one's bread (''om te winnene sijn brod'', 1285), to mine quicksilver (1287), to take booty, to win a lawsuit, and also to beget or bear children.^(EWN)^(VMNW)^(De Vries 1971) The sense “to be the victor” is dated from 1350.^(Van der Sijs 2001)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+

+ In early modern Dutch the verb was common for earning wages, as in a 1734 text in which the speaker says he earns only forty guilders here.^(WNT) Today the sense of earning survives in ''de kost winnen'' and in the extraction of raw materials such as ore, while the main sense is to win a match, game or contest.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary) The proverb ''de aanhouder wint'', “he who perseveres wins”, is found in many 16th- and 17th-century variants, including ''de aenhouder verwint'' in Huygens.^(Stoett 1923)

+

+ The verb went into the Dutch-based creoles: Negerhollands ''win'', Berbice Dutch ''won'' “to obtain”, and Sranan Tongo [[m|srn|wini]] “to win; profit”, from which Caribbean Javanese and Kari'na took it.^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary) Afrikaans has [[m|af|wen]].^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 1100 – Old Dutch ''winnan'' “to earn, obtain” in the Egmond Williram.^(ONW)^(EWN)

+ * 1237 – Middle Dutch ''winnen'' “to acquire” is first recorded, in Ghent.^(VMNW)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * 1240 – The Bernardus glossary uses it for Latin ''excolere'' “to till” and ''lucrari'' “to gain”.^(EWN)^(VMNW)

+ * 1285 – ''Coren winnen'' “to grow corn” and ''sijn brod winnen'' “to earn one's bread”.^(EWN)^(VMNW)

+ * 1350 – The sense “to be the victor” is first recorded.^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * 1681 – Winschoten lists ''de aanhouder, die wint'' and ''tijd gewonnen, is veel gewonnen'' among sailors' sayings.^(Winschoten 1681)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|win]], to come out on top in a game, match or contest: ''Ons team won zondag met drie tegen één.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(ANW)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To gain, to make progress compared with someone or something, often with ''aan'' or ''op'': ''aan populariteit winnen''.^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # To make a profit, to save.^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # To obtain by effort; to [[m|en|extract]] raw materials such as ore, salt or gas from nature, or to harvest crops.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # To gain for one's use or advantage;^(Van Dale 2014)^(WikiWoordenboek) ''iemand winnen voor'' is to win someone over to a cause.^(Van Dale 2014)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[winst]]

+ * [[winnaar]]

+ * [[winnares]]

+ * [[winning]]

+ * [[gewin]]

+ * [[overwinnen]]

+ * [[terugwinnen]]

+ * [[herwinnen]]

+ * [[inwinnen]]

+ * [[aanwinnen]]

+ * [[winbaar]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[wennen]]

+ * [[wonen]]

+ * [[waan]]

+ * [[en|win]]

+ * [[de|gewinnen]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''De aanhouder wint'' means that whoever keeps at it reaches the goal.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Stoett 1923) ''Zo gewonnen, zo geronnen'' says that what was earned without effort is soon spent again.^(Van Dale 2014) In cycling, ''in een fauteuil winnen'' (after French ''arriver dans un fauteuil'') is to win without much effort.^(De Coster 1999)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}