plan Dutch · revision 37391

+ {{infobox|confidence=disputed|formation=borrowing|attested=1674|origins=la planta}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /plɑn/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''plan''' ''n'' (plural plannen, diminutive plannetje n)^(Wiktionary)

+ In the 17th and 18th centuries the word was also written ''plaan'', and the plural was formerly also ''plans''.^(WNT)^(EWN)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[bor|fr|plan|t=ground plan; design]], recorded in Dutch from 1674.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001)^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997) According to the Philippa dictionary, the French word arose in the 16th century as a variant of [[m|frm|plant|t=ground surface of a building]], under the influence of [[m|fr|plan|t=flat surface]] from [[la|plānus|t=flat]]; the Middle French word probably comes from [[m|fr|planter|t=to plant]], from [[la|plantō|t=to plant, set]], originally “to tread the ground firm with the sole of the foot”, from [[m|la|planta|t=sole of the foot]].^(EWN) Others take the French source to be [[it|pianta|t=plant; sole; ground plan]], itself from the Latin noun.^(EWN)

+

+ The older dictionaries derive the French word directly from [[m|la|plānum|t=level ground]], so that the first sense was “flat surface”, then “ground plan”.^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997)^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|289) Franck and Van Wijk note that the French word is also explained otherwise, and compare the development of [[m|fr|projet|t=design, plan]].^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) The same French word gave [[de|Plan]], borrowed on into [[m|da|plan]] and [[m|sv|plan]], and [[en|plan]].^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)

+

+ Middle Dutch already had a loan [[m|dum|plaen|t=level; plain, field]] from [[fro|plane]] or Latin, the same word as [[plein]].^(MNW)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) The modern word was at first sometimes spelled like it.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The first record, from 1674, is the spelling ''plaan'': a writer carefully examines a certain ''plaan ofte kaartjen'', a plan or small map of some islands.^(WNT)^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001) By 1714 the word is used for the worked-out design of a building, in a list of ''Bestekken, Plans, Uytreekeningen'', specifications, plans and calculations.^(EWN)^(WNT)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal has ''plan'' for a scheme setting out how something is to be organised from 1737, and for the outline of a book or work of art from 1785.^(WNT) The general sense “intention, the way one means to act to reach a goal” is first found in 1784–85, used both of God's plan and of human plans.^(EWN)^(WNT) The sense “design for spatial planning”, as in town extension plans, dates from 1930–31.^(EWN)

+

+ ''Plan'' also took over from French the painter's sense of a plane in perspective (foreground, middle ground); De Vreese counted this among the gallicisms.^(De Vreese 1899)^(Van Dale 2014) In Surinamese Dutch ''plan'' also means a works site or project area, perhaps because large projects kept the name they had while planned.^(Van Donselaar 1989)

+

+ Dutch passed the word on to Indonesian ''plan'' “intention”, Negerhollands, Papiamentu, Sranan Tongo and Caribbean Javanese.^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1674 – ''Plaan'' “map, ground plan” is first recorded.^(WNT)^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * 1714 – ''Plans'' of buildings in a list of specifications and calculations.^(EWN)^(WNT)

+ * 1737 – A ''Plan'' for organising five companies of invalids: a scheme of arrangements.^(WNT)

+ * 1784–85 – The sense “intention, way of acting” is first recorded.^(EWN)^(WNT)

+ * 1930–31 – ''Plan'' for a design in spatial planning.^(EWN)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|plan]], a worked-out scheme of how one intends to proceed: ''Zonder goed plan begin je niet aan zo'n verbouwing.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # An idea, an [[m|en|intention]];^(Van Dale 2014)^(WikiWoordenboek) ''van plan zijn'' is to intend.^(Van Dale 2014)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # A design for spatial or economic planning.^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # A level: ''iets op een hoger plan brengen'', to raise something to a higher standard.^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # A plane of the [[m|en|perspective]] in a painting or a view.^(Van Dale 2014)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # A ground plan, map or sketch.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[plannen]]

+ * [[planloos]]

+ * [[planmatig]]

+ * [[planbureau]]

+ * [[planologie]]

+ * [[planoloog]]

+ * [[actieplan]]

+ * [[bouwplan]]

+ * [[grondplan]]

+ * [[leerplan]]

+ * [[lesplan]]

+ * [[stadsplan]]

+ * [[stratenplan]]

+ * [[studieplan]]

+ * [[uitbreidingsplan]]

+ * [[plannenmaker]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[plein]]

+ * [[plant]]

+ * [[en|plan]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Plan B'' is the fallback when the first plan fails, and ''plannen in de ijskast zetten'' is to shelve plans for the time being.^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}