dochter Dutch · revision 37388

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=901–1000, Wachtendonck Psalms|origins=ine-pro *dʰugh₂tḗr}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈdɔx.tər/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''dochter''' ''f'' (plural dochters, diminutive dochtertje n)^(Wiktionary)

+ Middle Dutch also had a dialect form ''dachter''.^(MNW) Older spellings include ''dogter'' and ''dochtre''.^(WNT)^(VMNW)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|dochter]], [[inh|odt|dohter]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*dohter]], [[inh|gem-pro|*duhtēr]], [[inh|ine-pro|*dʰugh₂tḗr|t=daughter]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)^(Kroonen 2013) It is one of the Indo-European kinship terms in ⟨-er⟩, like [[vader]] and [[moeder]].^(EWN)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|105) The same word is [[osx|dohtar]], [[goh|tohter]] (modern [[de|Tochter]]), [[ang|dohtor]] (modern [[en|daughter]]), [[ofs|dochter]], [[non|dóttir]] and [[got|𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍄𐌰𐍂|tr=dauhtar]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Kroonen 2013) Outside Germanic it is [[grc|θυγάτηρ|tr=thugátēr]], [[sa|दुहितृ|tr=duhitṛ́]], [[lt|duktė|alt=duktė̃]], [[cu|дъшти|tr=dŭšti]], [[xcl|դուստր|tr=dustr]] and Tocharian A [[m|xto|ckācar]].^(EWN)^(Kroonen 2013)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(Van Haeringen 1936)

+

+ De Vries notes that the Germanic forms point to ⟨*dhuktēr⟩, while the other languages point to a form with a vowel between the consonants, which has been explained as a laryngeal.^(De Vries 1971) What the word first meant is unknown.^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|105) Vercoullie reports the old explanation as “milker” or “suckling”, from a root meaning “to milk”, but Franck and Van Wijk call the link with [[sa|दोग्धि|tr=dógdhi|t=milks]] very unlikely.^(Vercoullie 1925)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The word is first found in the 10th-century Wachtendonck Psalms, in the dative plural ''dohteron'', of the daughters of Zion.^(EWN)^(ONW)^(Van der Sijs 2001) Middle Dutch ''dochter'' appears around 1220 in Aiol, where a man accuses another of having taken his beautiful daughter.^(VMNW)^(EWN)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ From the start the word was also used figuratively.^(ONW) Middle Dutch used it for a spiritual daughter, as God or a confessor addressed young women, often nuns, and for a female inhabitant, as in ''dochter van Sion'' “daughter of Zion”, meaning Jerusalem.^(VMNW) In legal texts ''dochter'' was set against ''sone'' to mark the different position of daughters in inheritance.^(VMNW)

+

+ From the 16th century ''dochter'' also meant a young girl or an unmarried woman, as in a 1546 text about a respectable young daughter of good family; this sense now survives only in Belgium and in ''jongedochter''.^(WNT) The phrase ''Eva's dochters'', women seen as heirs of Eve, is recorded from 1820, often with a hint of temptation or curiosity.^(WNT)^(Stoett 1923) In the 20th century the word was extended to companies controlled by another company (''dochteronderneming''), to institutions founded by another, and to organisms descended from another.^(ANW)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+

+ Negerhollands took it as ''dochter'' and ''dogter'', and Afrikaans has [[m|af|dogter]].^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 901–1000 – Old Dutch ''dohteron'' in the Wachtendonck Psalms.^(EWN)^(ONW)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * c. 1220 – Middle Dutch ''dochter'' in Aiol.^(VMNW)^(EWN)

+ * 1240 – ''Dogter'' glosses Latin ''filia'' in a Limburg glossary.^(VMNW)

+ * 1546 – ''Dochter'' in the sense “young unmarried woman”.^(WNT)

+ * 1785 – ''Myne Mama's Dogter'', of taking after one's mother.^(WNT)

+ * 1820 – ''Eva's dogtren'', women.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|daughter]], a female child in relation to her parents.^(Van Dale 2014)^(ANW)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A [[m|en|subsidiary]], a company that depends on a larger one and was often set up by it; also an institution that grew out of another.^(ANW)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # ''(literary)'' A woman as a member of a nation, people or community.^(ANW)^(WNT)

+ # A direct female descendant of an animal; an organism produced by another.^(ANW)

+ # ''(figurative)'' Something derived from or growing out of something else.^(ANW)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(Belgium, dated)'' A young girl, an unmarried woman.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[kleindochter]]

+ * [[dochterlijk]]

+ * [[dochterbedrijf]]

+ * [[dochteronderneming]]

+ * [[dochtermaatschappij]]

+ * [[dochtertaal]]

+ * [[dochtercel]]

+ * [[jongedochter]]

+ * [[koningsdochter]]

+ * [[burgerdochter]]

+ * [[winkeldochter]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[en|daughter]]

+ * [[de|Tochter]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Zo moeder, zo dochter'' says that daughter and mother are alike.^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}