school Dutch · revision 37387

+ {{homograph|1|educational institution}}

+

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=1240, Middle Dutch (Bernardus glossary)|origins=grc σχολή}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /sxoːl/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''school''' ''f'' (plural scholen, diminutive schooltje n)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ The educational institution is [[inh|dum|schole]], [[bor|la|schola|t=school]], which is [[bor|grc|σχολή|tr=skholḗ|t=school; earlier leisure spent in learning, study; originally leisure]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)^(De Vries 1971) The Greek noun is perhaps a derivative with an ⟨l⟩-suffix of the stem of [[m|grc|ἔχω|tr=ékhō|t=to have, hold]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Vercoullie 1925) De Vries thinks the word was probably taken over as early as the 6th century, along with church words such as [[klooster]], [[monnik]] and [[non]].^(De Vries 1971)

+

+ The other West Germanic languages borrowed the Latin word too: [[gml|schōle]], [[goh|scuola]] (modern [[de|Schule]]), [[fy|skoalle]] and [[ang|scōl]] (modern [[en|school]]); [[non|skóli]] was taken from Middle Low German or Old English.^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971) These forms reflect the later learned Latin pronunciation with a long ⟨ō⟩, which also gave the rare Middle Dutch [[m|dum|scoel]] and some eastern dialect forms.^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) Franck and Van Wijk hold that the Dutch word came straight from Latin and probably not from [[fro|escole]].^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) The doublets [[sjoel]] and [[skorro]] come from the same Latin source.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Middle Dutch ''schole'' is first recorded in the Bernardus glossary of 1240, from Limburg, glossing Latin ''scola'' in the senses “school”, “school building” and “teaching”.^(VMNW)^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001) In 1265–70 the life of Saint Lutgard says she ''heft gegaen ter minnen scholen'', she has been to the school of love, taught by God himself.^(EWN)^(VMNW)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Middle Dutch used ''schole'' for the institution, the building, as in a Bruges text of 1284 naming the school of Saint Saviour's, and for teaching or doctrine in general.^(EWN)^(VMNW) ''Scole houden'', to keep a school, meant to teach, as in a Dordrecht ordinance of 1292 that forbids anyone else to keep a school in the town.^(VMNW)

+

+ From 1642 the word is used for a group of people in art or learning who share views or methods, as in ''de Haagse school'' of painters;^(EWN)^(Van Dale 2014) ''school maken'' is to gain followers.^(EWN)^(Van Dale 2014) The phrase ''uit de school klappen'', first of pupils telling what went on at school and then of anyone giving away secrets, is found from the 16th century.^(Stoett 1923) In riding, ''school'' is the regular practice of all the movements.^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ Dutch, or Low German, passed the word to Danish [[m|da|skole]] and Swedish [[m|sv|skola]], and Dutch carried it to Indonesia and the Caribbean: Ambonese Malay ''skolah'', Papiamentu [[m|pap|skol]], Sranan Tongo [[m|srn|skoro]].^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary) Afrikaans has [[m|af|skool]], and Xhosa, Zulu and Sotho took the word from Afrikaans or English.^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1240 – Middle Dutch ''schole'' glosses Latin ''scola'' in the Bernardus glossary.^(VMNW)^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * 1265–70 – ''Ter minnen scholen gaen'', to go to the school of love, in the life of Saint Lutgard.^(EWN)^(VMNW)

+ * 1284 – ''Scole'' of a school building in Bruges.^(EWN)^(VMNW)

+ * 1292 – ''Scoele houden'' “to keep a school” in Dordrecht.^(VMNW)

+ * 16th century – ''Uit de school klappen'' “to tell tales out of school”.^(Stoett 1923)

+ * 1642 – ''School'' for a group of scholars sharing views.^(EWN)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|school]], an institution where teaching is given: ''Zij zit op een school in het centrum.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(ANW)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A school building.^(Van Dale 2014)^(ANW)

+ # Lessons, school time: ''Na school gaan we zwemmen.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(ANW)

+ # The pupils and teachers of a school together.^(Van Dale 2014)^(ANW)

+ # A group of artists or scholars who share a method or outlook: ''de Haagse school''.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A faculty or institute within a larger one, such as a university.^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(riding)'' The regular practice of all the movements.^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[scholen]]

+ * [[schoolmeester]]

+ * [[schooljongen]]

+ * [[schoolkind]]

+ * [[schoolboek]]

+ * [[schoolbord]]

+ * [[schoolplein]]

+ * [[schooljaar]]

+ * [[schoolvakantie]]

+ * [[schoolziek]]

+ * [[basisschool]]

+ * [[hogeschool]]

+ * [[kleuterschool]]

+ * [[kostschool]]

+ * [[avondschool]]

+ * [[rijschool]]

+ * [[dansschool]]

+ * [[leerschool]]

+ * [[muziekschool]]

+ * [[sportschool]]

+

+ {{homograph|2|shoal, group}}

+

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=borrowing|attested=1287, Middle Dutch (West Flanders)|origins=grc σχολή}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /sxoːl/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''school''' ''f'' (plural scholen, diminutive schooltje n)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ The shoal is [[inh|dum|schole|t=group of animals; crowd, troop]], probably [[bor|la|schola|t=school]].^(EWN)^(VMNW)^(Wiktionary) Most dictionaries take it to be the same loan as [[school#1]], through a sense “band of pupils around their master”: Late Latin already used the noun for a troop of soldiers.^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|332) The Middelnederlandsch Woordenboek sees no reason to assume another origin, and Van Haeringen also preferred this view.^(MNW)^(Van Haeringen 1936)

+

+ Franck and Van Wijk, followed by the Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal and Wiktionary, instead connect it with [[schaar]] “crowd” and derive it as a native word, [[gmw-pro|*skulu|t=troop, group]], meaning “division”, from the root [[ine-pro|*(s)kelH-|t=to split, divide]] of [[schil]].^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(WNT)^(Wiktionary)^(EWN) The Philippa dictionary finds this formally possible, but De Vries thinks it less likely.^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971) The same word, meaning “crowd”, is [[osx|skola]], [[goh|scuola]] and [[ang|scolu]] (modern [[en|shoal]]).^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The first record is in Der naturen bloeme of 1287, from West Flanders: doves, geese, swans, starlings, rooks, jackdaws, finches and gulls fly ''bi scolen'', in flocks, from land to land.^(VMNW)^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ At first the word was used of all kinds of animal groups, such as flocks of birds; from the 14th century it also meant a crowd of people, a band or an army, as in a rhymed text of 1300–25 where Cilla comes ''met sire scole'', with his army.^(EWN) From the 18th century it has been used only of fish.^(EWN) In German and Low German, as in Dutch, it fell together with the word for the institution.^(EWN)

+

+ English ''school'' “shoal of fish” was borrowed from Dutch, recorded from about 1400, and West Frisian ''skoal'' probably was too.^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Van der Sijs 2010) Danish ''skole'' “school of (whale) fish” comes from Dutch or English.^(Van der Sijs 2010)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1287 – Middle Dutch ''scolen'' “flocks” of birds, in Der naturen bloeme.^(VMNW)^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * 1300–25 – ''Scole'' “army, band”.^(EWN)

+ * c. 1400 – English ''school'' “shoal” is borrowed from Dutch.^(De Vries 1971)

+ * 18th century – The word is restricted to groups of fish.^(EWN)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|shoal]], a close group of fish of the same kind swimming together: ''een school haringen''.^(Van Dale 2014)^(ANW)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # A crowd, a group of people.^(EWN)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[samenscholen]]

+ * [[samenscholing]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[scholier]]

+ * [[sjoel]]

+ * [[schema]]

+ * [[en|school]]

+ * [[en|shoal]]

+ * [[de|Schule]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ In fishing, ''school'' also means a mesh of a net, as in an Enkhuizen rule of 1624 that all nets must be 750 meshes, ''masken ofte scholen'', wide; the Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal gives this sense a numbered entry of its own, of unknown origin.^(WNT)^(Van Dale 2014)^(Debrabandere 2002)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}