deur Dutch · revision 37386

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=901–1000, Wachtendonck Psalms|origins=ine-pro *dʰwer-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /døːr/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''deur''' ''f'' (plural deuren, diminutive deurtje n or (Stadsfries) deurke n)^(Wiktionary)

+ Middle Dutch wrote ''dore'', ''duere'' and ''dure''; the spelling ''deur'' is early modern.^(EWN)^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997) The old form ''door'' is still found in the 17th century.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|dore]], [[inh|odt|duri|t=doors]], [[inh|gem-pro|*durz|t=door]], from [[ine-pro|*dʰwer-|t=doorway, door, gate]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)^(ONW) Kroonen reconstructs the Germanic noun as a plural [[gem-pro|*durī-]], beside a neuter [[gem-pro|*dura-]] “gate, single door”.^(Kroonen 2013) The same word is [[osx|duru]], [[goh|turi]] (modern [[de|Tür]]), [[ang|duru]] (modern [[en|door]]), [[ofs|dure]] and [[non|dyrr]], a plural;^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Kroonen 2013) Gothic has only the accusative plural [[got|𐌳𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍉𐌽𐍃|tr=daurons]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Kroonen 2013) Outside Germanic it is [[la|foris|alt=forēs|t=door]], [[grc|θύρα|tr=thúra]], [[sa|द्वार्|tr=dvā́r|t=door, gate]], [[cu|двьри|tr=dvĭri]], [[lt|durys|alt=dùrys]], [[xcl|դուռն|tr=duṙn]] and [[sq|derë]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)

+

+ In Germanic and other languages the word often has a dual or plural form, which the Philippa dictionary and De Vries and De Tollenaere explain as the two leaves of a door.^(EWN)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|101) De Vries himself took the dual to mean the two posts the door hung between, and thought of an early door of wickerwork, from a root ⟨*dheu-⟩;^(De Vries 1971) De Tollenaere objected that the form cannot be a dual and that the link with wickerwork is very doubtful.^(De Vries 1971) The ⟨eu⟩ of the modern word arose by umlaut of a short vowel in an open syllable.^(EWN)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old Dutch ''duri'' “doors” is first found in the Wachtendonck Psalms of the 10th century, in a verse about hewing down doors with axes as in a wood.^(EWN)^(ONW)^(Van der Sijs 2001) Middle Dutch ''dore'' is first recorded about 1240 in the Bernardus glossary, and ''duere'' in a charter of 1281.^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|101)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The meaning has stayed “movable panel closing an entrance”, applied to buildings, rooms, vehicles and cupboards; the Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal also records it for the wings of a fowling net and, figuratively, for the lips.^(WNT) ''De deur openzetten voor iets'', to open the door to something, mostly to abuses, is found from 1596.^(WNT)^(Stoett 1923) ''Iemand voor de rode deur nemen'', to take someone to task, Van Veen explains from the red gate of medieval castles, where those called to account had to appear.^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997) ''Een open deur intrappen'' is a translation of [[fr|enfoncer une porte ouverte]].^(Van der Sijs 2005) Belgian Dutch has ''halve deur'' for the lower half of a split front door.^(WNT)

+

+ In youth slang since the 1980s ''deur'' has also meant a clumsy person.^(De Coster 2007) Dutch passed the word to Negerhollands, Berbice Dutch ''doro'' and Sranan Tongo [[m|srn|doro]], and Afrikaans has [[m|af|deur]].^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 901–1000 – Old Dutch ''duri'' “doors” in the Wachtendonck Psalms.^(EWN)^(ONW)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * c. 1240 – Middle Dutch ''dore'' in the Bernardus glossary.^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|101)

+ * 1281 – The spelling ''duere''.^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|101)

+ * 1538 – ''Tot binder duere'', to the door, of seeing a friend out.^(WNT)

+ * 1596 – ''Een duere geopent'' in the figurative sense “given an opening”.^(WNT)

+ * 1980s – ''Deur'' “clumsy person” in youth slang.^(De Coster 2007)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|door]], a movable upright panel that gives access to a building, room, vehicle or cupboard: ''Doe de deur achter je dicht.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(ANW)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(youth slang)'' A clumsy person.^(De Coster 2007)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[deurwaarder]]

+ * [[voordeur]]

+ * [[achterdeur]]

+ * [[buitendeur]]

+ * [[huisdeur]]

+ * [[kamerdeur]]

+ * [[kastdeur]]

+ * [[kelderdeur]]

+ * [[kerkdeur]]

+ * [[keukendeur]]

+ * [[nooddeur]]

+ * [[onderdeur]]

+ * [[schuifdeur]]

+ * [[tuindeur]]

+ * [[tussendeur]]

+ * [[vleugeldeur]]

+ * [[buitendeurs]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[en|door]]

+ * [[de|Tür]]

+ * [[de|Tor]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Buiten de deur eten'' is to eat out, and ''een blinde deur'' is a door that cannot be opened.^(Van Dale 2014) In ''zo zot als een deur'' and ''zo dronken als een deur'' the Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal sees the old noun ''door'' “fool” (Middle Dutch ''dore''), which speakers now take for the door; this noun survives in Brabant and Limburg dialects as ''deur'' “fool”.^(WNT)^(MNW)^(Debrabandere 2010)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}