dragen Dutch · revision 37385

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=c. 1100, Old Dutch (Willeram, Egmond)|origins=gem-pro *draganą}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈdraːɣə(n)/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''dragen'''^(Wiktionary)

+ It is a strong verb;^(MNW) Middle Dutch had the past tense ''droech'' and the participle ''gedragen'' beside ''gedregen''.^(MNW) Middle Dutch also had ''dreghen'', with a secondary vowel, as Old Norwegian had ''drega''.^(Van Haeringen 1936)^(MNW)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|drāghen]], [[inh|odt|dragan]], [[inh|gem-pro|*draganą|t=to draw, pull, carry]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)^(Kroonen 2013) The same verb is [[osx|dragan|t=to carry]], [[goh|tragan|t=to carry, bring]] (modern [[de|tragen]]), [[ofs|draga]] and [[got|𐌳𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌽|tr=dragan|t=to carry, load]], while [[ang|dragan]] (whence [[en|draw]] and [[m|en|drag]]) and [[non|draga]] mean “to pull, drag”.^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) Franck and Van Wijk see no reason to separate the English and Norse verbs, and the dictionaries agree that “to pull” is the older sense: loads were first dragged, then loaded and carried.^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(De Vries 1971)^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997)

+

+ Further back the origin is unclear.^(EWN)^(Kroonen 2013) The EWN thinks the verb is probably related to [[lv|dragāt|t=to crush]] and to a Russian verb for “to jerk, pull”, and perhaps to [[la|trahō|t=to pull, drag]], so that the first meaning may have been “to drag along the ground”, but it calls an Indo-European reconstruction very difficult.^(EWN) Van Veen and Van der Sijs accept the link with the Latin verb although the sounds do not match exactly, and De Vries sets up a root [[ine-pro|*dʰerāgʰ-]] beside a form in ⟨t⟩ for it.^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997)^(De Vries 1971) Kroonen takes the Germanic verb as an o-grade intensive [[m|ine-pro|*dʰrógʰ-e-]] without a clear etymology, and rejects the Latin verb because of its initial /t/, as well as the Greek and Slavic words for “to run” and “road” that have been compared.^(Kroonen 2013)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The verb is first recorded in the Old Dutch paraphrase of the Song of Songs by Willeram, copied at Egmond around 1100: ''thie thornina coronan thie druog her gerno'', “the crown of thorns he wore gladly”, said of Christ.^(ONW)^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001) The fragments from Werden of the mid-12th century already use it for “to hold up”, “to wear (clothes)”, “to bring”, “to be pregnant with” and “to cherish (a feeling)”.^(ONW)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Middle Dutch used the verb for carrying a load, bringing something somewhere and having something on oneself: a Ghent rule of 1236 speaks of wearing the habit of the order, and a Dordrecht account of 1285 pays for carrying lime.^(VMNW)^(EWN) The infinitive was also a noun, “the carrying” or “the wearing” of something (Bruges, 1282), and in Middle Dutch also “burden, sorrow”: God gives no one more to bear than he can bear (1399).^(VMNW)^(MNW) The sense “to endure (pain, grief)” is dated to 1636.^(EWN)

+

+ The Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal gathers many phrases from the 17th and 18th centuries, such as carrying a child under one's heart (1734).^(WNT) The proverb ''water in zee dragen'', to bring something where there is plenty already, translates the Latin saying about pouring water into the sea.^(Stoett 1923) In singing, ''dragen'' of the voice follows Italian ''portamento''.^(Van der Sijs 2005) Purists condemned the Southern Dutch ''voor titel dragen'', modelled on French, and ''zwaar aan iets dragen'', modelled on German.^(De Vreese 1899)^(Moortgat 1925) In Surinamese Dutch the verb also means “to put on (clothes)”, as Sranan ''weri'' and English ''wear'' do.^(Van Donselaar 1989)

+

+ The verb passed into Negerhollands (''draag'', ''dra'', ''drag''), Berbice Dutch (''draki'') and Skepi Dutch (''drag''), and into a French dialect as ''draglé'' “to flee”.^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary) Afrikaans has the shortened [[m|af|dra]].^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 10th century – Old Dutch ''uuitutdragere'' “lawgiver”, literally “law bearer”, appears in the Wachtendonck Psalms.^(EWN)

+ * c. 1100 – Willeram's paraphrase says of Christ that he wore the crown of thorns.^(ONW)^(EWN)

+ * 1201 – Middle Dutch ''trugen'' “carried” appears in a text from the Lower Rhine.^(VMNW)

+ * 1236 – A Ghent rule speaks of wearing the clothes of the order.^(EWN)^(VMNW)

+ * 1332 – ''Ondragelike bordinen'' “unbearable burdens” is the first record of the adjective in ''-lijk''.^(EWN)

+ * 1636 – ''Draaghen'' is recorded for enduring pain or grief.^(EWN)

+ * 1734 – A child is carried ''onder het hart'' “under the heart”.^(WNT)

+ * 1875 – ''Drager'' is first used for a carrier of a disease.^(EWN)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # ''(transitive)'' to [[m|en|support]], to hold up from below so that it does not fall: ''Vier zuilen dragen het dak.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(WNT)

+ # ''(transitive)'' to [[m|en|carry]] from one place to another: ''Hij droeg de koffer naar boven.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(transitive)'' to be [[pregnant]] with (a child).^(Van Dale 2014)^(ONW)

+ # ''(transitive)'' to [[m|en|wear]] (clothes, jewellery, glasses) on the body: ''Zij draagt altijd een hoed.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(transitive)'' to bear, to have (a name, title, mark): ''Het schip draagt de naam van zijn bouwer.''^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # ''(transitive)'' to take upon oneself, to bear (blame, responsibility, costs).^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # ''(transitive)'' to [[m|en|endure]], to put up with.^(Van Dale 2014)^(EWN)

+ # ''(intransitive)'' to carry, to reach far (of a voice or a sound).^(Van Dale 2014)^(WNT)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[gedragen]]

+ * [[hoorndrager]]

+ * [[draagbaar]]

+ * [[dragelijk]]

+ * [[draagbalk]]

+ * [[draagdoek]]

+ * [[draaggolf]]

+ * [[draagkracht]]

+ * [[draagster]]

+ * [[draagstoel]]

+ * [[draagvlak]]

+ * [[draagwijdte]]

+ * [[drager]]

+ * [[draaglijk]]

+ * [[verdragen]]

+ * [[bijdragen]]

+ * [[gedrag]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[en|draw]]

+ * [[de|tragen]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Iemand op handen dragen'' is to adore someone.^(Van Dale 2014) ''Zo snel als zijn benen hem konden dragen'' means as fast as possible.^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}