schrijven Dutch · revision 37380

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=901–1000, Wachtendonck Psalms|origins=la scrībō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈsxrɛi̯və(n)/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''schrijven'''^(Wiktionary)

+ It is a strong verb, in Middle Dutch with the past ''screef'' and the participle ''gescreven'', sometimes ''schreven''.^(MNW)^(VMNW)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|scrîven]], [[inh|odt|skrīvan]], [[bor|la|scrībō|t=to write]], an early loan made when the Germanic peoples took over the Roman way of writing.^(EWN)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(Wiktionary) The EWN dates it to Proto-Germanic, [[gem-pro|*skrībaną|alt=*skrīban-]], as the other Germanic languages have it too: [[osx|skrīƀan]], [[goh|scrīban]] (modern [[de|schreiben]]) and [[non|skrifa]] mean “to engrave, write”, while [[ofs|skrīva]] meant “to fix the penalty for a wound” and [[ang|scrīfan]] “to impose a penance; to hear confession” (modern [[en|shrive]]).^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) Except in Old Norse the borrowed verb joined the strong verbs of the first class.^(EWN) [[sga|scrībaim]] is a borrowing of the same Latin verb.^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|335)

+

+ The Latin verb is related to Greek words for “to scratch, sketch” and goes back to [[ine-pro|*skreibʰ-|t=to scratch, incise]].^(EWN)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) Because the Dutch verb is strong and Germanic has words such as West Flemish ⟨schribbelen⟩ “to scratch lightly”, the Middle Dutch dictionary and later W. de Vries thought a native verb “to scratch” might lie behind it, with only the meaning taken from Latin.^(MNW)^(De Vries 1971) Van Haeringen found the plain borrowing the most likely account.^(Van Haeringen 1936) The old Germanic verb for cutting runes, [[gem-pro|*wrītaną]], survived in [[m|en|write]] and Dutch [[rijten|t=to tear]].^(EWN)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(MNW)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The verb is first found in the Wachtendonck Psalms of the 10th century: ''in mit rehtlicon ne uuerthon gescriuona'', “and let them not be written with the righteous”, of the book of the living.^(ONW)^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001) By the mid-12th century it also meant “to report in writing”, in formulas citing written sources such as St Paul.^(ONW)^(EWN)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In Middle Dutch the verb is found from about 1200 (''me sal di rede schriuen'', “one shall write down those words”, Limburg), and it appears from 1236 in charters that close with the formula “we had this letter written”.^(VMNW)^(EWN) It could also mean “to draw, paint, embroider”, a use the Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal still finds for drawing lines in the 20th century but no longer usual.^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(WNT) Since the 16th century the infinitive is also a noun meaning “a letter”, now only in official style (1596).^(WNT)^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ ''Met dubbel krijt schrijven'', to put down twice what is owed, was said of innkeepers chalking up debts, and is recorded from the 16th century.^(Stoett 1923) ''Schrijven en wrijven'' first described busy writing back and forth, the ''wrijven'' being the arm rubbing over the table, for which scribes wore loose sleeves;^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997) ''wie schrijft, die blijft'' meant that whoever keeps good accounts does not go under.^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997)

+

+ Danish ''skrive'' may come from Dutch or Low German, and the verb went into Negerhollands (''skriev'', ''skrif''), Sranan Tongo ''skrifi'', Aukan ''sikiifi'' and Saramaccan ''sikífi''.^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary) Afrikaans has [[m|af|skryf]].^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 901–1000 – ''Gescriuona'' “written” appears in the Wachtendonck Psalms.^(ONW)

+ * c. 1100 – Willeram's paraphrase uses the verb for what is written in a text.^(ONW)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * c. 1200 – A Limburg text has ''me sal di rede schriuen''.^(VMNW)^(EWN)

+ * 1236 – A Ghent charter says ''daden wi desen brief scriuen''.^(VMNW)^(EWN)

+ * 1596 – ''Schryven'' is used as a noun for a letter.^(WNT)

+ * 1641 – Godewyck writes of an innkeeper who chalks up debts ''met dubbel krijt''.^(Stoett 1923)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # ''(transitive, intransitive)'' to [[m|en|write]], to put letters or other signs on paper or another surface with a pen, pencil or chalk: ''Hij schrijft met zijn linkerhand.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(transitive)'' to write, to compose (a letter, book, essay): ''Ze schreef drie romans.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(transitive)'' to represent in writing, to spell: ''Hoe schrijf je jouw achternaam?''^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # ''(transitive)'' to note down, to write down.^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # ''(transitive, intransitive)'' to communicate in writing: ''Hij schreef dat hij later kwam.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # ''(transitive, finance)'' to write, to sell (options).^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # ''(intransitive)'' to be fit for writing, of a pen or paper: ''Deze pen schrijft niet meer.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(WNT)

+ # ''(transitive, computing)'' to write (data).^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ===Noun===

+ # ''(het schrijven, formal)'' a [[m|en|letter]], especially an official one: ''Wij hebben uw schrijven van 4 mei ontvangen.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(WNT)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[aanschrijven]]

+ * [[handgeschreven]]

+ * [[ongeschreven]]

+ * [[schrijfletter]]

+ * [[schrijfmachine]]

+ * [[schrijfster]]

+ * [[schrijver]]

+ * [[afschrijven]]

+ * [[beschrijven]]

+ * [[bijschrijven]]

+ * [[inschrijven]]

+ * [[schrift]]

+ * [[voorschrijven]]

+ * [[toeschrijven]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[rijten]]

+ * [[en|shrive]]

+ * [[de|schreiben]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Het is niet om over naar huis te schrijven'' means that it is not very good.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary) ''Er staat geschreven'' refers to the Bible.^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}