druk Dutch · revision 37379

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=1301–1350, Middle Dutch|origins=gem-pro *þrukki-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /drʏk/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''druk''' ''m'' (plural drukken, diminutive drukje n)^(Wiktionary)

+ The adjective is ''druk'' (comparative ''drukker'', superlative ''drukst''); it was long also ''drok''.^(Wiktionary)^(WNT)^(EWN)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ The noun is [[inh|dum|druc|t=pressure, oppression]], [[inh|gem-pro|*þrukki-]], a derivative of the verb [[drukken]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) It corresponds to [[gml|druck|t=pressure, need]], [[goh|druc|t=pressure, collision]] (modern [[de|Druck]]), Old West Frisian ⟨treck⟩ “burden, trouble” and [[sv|tryck]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) Franck and Van Wijk explain the Germanic /kk/ of the verb from a Proto-Indo-European cluster of a stop and /n/, and compare [[lt|tráukti|t=to pull]] and [[m|lt|trúkti|t=to tear]], with a basic sense of rubbing, pushing or pulling.^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(Van Haeringen 1936)

+

+ The adjective, meaning “busy”, is found only in Dutch.^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) The EWN thinks it probably grew out of the noun, in phrases such as Middle Dutch ⟨droufheit ende druc⟩ “grief and oppression”, and compares the Early Modern adjectives ⟨druckelick⟩ and ⟨druckich⟩ “sad”.^(EWN) Franck and Van Wijk also take it as the noun used as an adjective, not as a shortening of [[m|dum|druckelijc|t=depressed]].^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) The Middle Low German of East Frisia and some North Frisian dialects have it as a loan from Dutch.^(De Vries 1971)^(Van Haeringen 1936)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The noun appears in the first half of the 14th century in the sense “care, trouble”: ''tusschen dine drucke set bi wilen vermakinghe'', “among your troubles put some amusement now and then”.^(EWN) A Flemish text of 1340 uses it for distress or oppression.^(MNW) The EWN's own first record, of 1350–1400, means “fear, torment, grief”.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The sense “trouble, suffering” continued into the 16th century (''druck ende lijden'', 1500), and is now only poetic or regional.^(EWN)^(WNT) Printing brought a new sense: in 1541 a book is ''inden druck'' “in print”, which led to “impression, edition”.^(EWN)^(WNT) ''Druk'' was the burden of taxes in 1626, a physical force pressing on something in 1792, and air pressure in 1847.^(EWN)

+

+ The adjective appears in 1613 in Hooft, ''het isser drang, en drock'', “it is crowded and busy there”.^(EWN) The Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal has it for busy work (1640), lively company and conversation, a busy street (1844) and restless children (1787).^(WNT) Weiland in 1801 still gives ''drok'' first and derives the noun ''drokte'' from it; [[drukte]] is first recorded in 1711.^(EWN) Stoett explains ''drukte maken'', to make a fuss.^(Stoett 1923) Van Dale has ''zich druk maken'', to get worked up.^(Van Dale 2014) The cliché ''druk, druk, druk'' became frequent in the press in the early 1990s.^(De Coster 1999)

+

+ The adjective was borrowed into West Frisian ''drok'', North Frisian ''druk'', German dialects, Javanese, Papiamentu ''drùk'' and Sri Lanka Portuguese Creole ''drek'' “busy”, and into Manado Malay ''drek'' for clashing colours;^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary) Negerhollands ''dryk'' meant an edition of a book.^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary) Afrikaans has [[m|af|druk]].^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1301–1350 – ''Drucke'' “troubles” is recorded in Middle Dutch.^(EWN)

+ * 1340 – A Flemish text uses ''druc'' for distress.^(MNW)

+ * 1541 – A book is published ''inden druck'' “in print”.^(EWN)

+ * 1613 – Hooft uses the adjective ''drock'' “busy”.^(EWN)

+ * 1626 – ''Druk'' is used for the burden of taxes.^(EWN)

+ * 1711 – ''Drukte'' “bustle” is first recorded.^(EWN)

+ * 1792 – ''Druk'' means a force exerted on something.^(EWN)

+ * 1847 – ''Druk'' is used for air pressure.^(EWN)

+ * 1990s – ''Druk, druk, druk'' becomes a cliché in the press.^(De Coster 1999)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # ''(physics)'' [[m|en|pressure]], the force exerted on a surface: ''De druk in de band is te laag.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Pressure, a social or moral force that pushes someone to act: ''Zij voelde de druk van haar ouders.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # [[m|en|printing]], the printing of books and pictures.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # An [[m|en|edition]], impression: all the copies of a book printed at one time: ''de derde druk''.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A printing technique, a kind of print.^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ ===Adjective===

+ # [[m|en|busy]], involving a lot of work: ''een drukke baan''.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Busy, constantly active, having a lot to do: ''Ik heb het deze week erg druk.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # [[m|en|crowded]], full of people, traffic or bustle: ''een drukke straat''.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Of a person: noisy, restless, unable to sit still.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Of a pattern or colours: [[m|en|loud]], restless, overloaded.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[drukte]]

+ * [[drukbeklant]]

+ * [[afdruk]]

+ * [[indruk]]

+ * [[nadruk]]

+ * [[opdruk]]

+ * [[overdruk]]

+ * [[bloeddruk]]

+ * [[luchtdruk]]

+ * [[werkdruk]]

+ * [[prestatiedruk]]

+ * [[wiegendruk]]

+ * [[hogedrukgebied]]

+ * [[lagedrukgebied]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[drukken]]

+ * [[de|Druck]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Iemand onder druk zetten'' is to put pressure on someone.^(Van Dale 2014) ''Maak je niet druk!'' tells someone not to worry.^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}