rijden Dutch · revision 37378

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=1151–1200, Old Dutch (Rhyming Bible fragments, Werden)|origins=ine-pro *reydʰ-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈrɛi̯də(n)/, /ˈrɛi̯ə(n)/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''rijden'''^(Wiktionary)

+ In speech, informal writing and rhyme the verb is also ''rijen'', with the past tense ''ree'', ''reeën''.^(WNT) Cats sometimes rhymes the one-syllable form ''rien''.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|rîden]], [[inh|odt|rīdan|t=to ride]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*rīdan]], [[inh|gem-pro|*rīdaną|t=to ride]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)^(ONW) The same strong verb is [[osx|rīdan]], [[goh|rītan]] (modern [[de|reiten]]), [[ofs|rīda]], [[ang|rīdan]] (modern [[en|ride]]) and [[non|ríða]], all at first used of moving along on horseback.^(EWN)^(Kroonen 2013) The verb is missing in Gothic.^(MNW)

+

+ Outside Germanic it is related to [[lt|riedė́ti|t=to roll (of a wagon)]], [[sga|réidid|t=to ride]] and [[m|sga|ríad|t=ride, journey]], to [[xtg|rēda|t=cart]], which was borrowed as [[la|raeda|t=four-wheeled travelling carriage]], and to [[cy|gorwydd|t=horse]], from ⟨*wo-rēdo-⟩ (see [[paard]]).^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971) These go back to [[ine-pro|*reydʰ-|t=to move along]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary) Kroonen reconstructs the present as ⟨*Hréidʰ-e-⟩, with an initial laryngeal.^(Kroonen 2013)

+

+ Porzig (1954) saw the sense “to ride” as a new development shared by Germanic and Celtic.^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971) In his view an older sense “to rock, swing” was turned into a forceful word that replaced the inherited verb for travelling.^(De Vries 1971) Franck and Van Wijk took the original meaning to be “to move oneself not with one's own body but by means of someone or something else”, and point to [[m|non|reið|t=riding; troop of riders; wagon]], [[goh|reita|t=wagon]] and [[m|ang|rād|t=riding, journey]] (modern [[m|en|road]]).^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(WNT) Schrijnen's idea (1901) that the verb is [[schrijden]] without an initial ⟨s⟩ fails, De Vries says, on the sounds.^(De Vries 1971)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The first records are in the Old Dutch Rhyming Bible fragments from Werden, of the second half of the 12th century: ''Her ne ride up negeinen rosse mit guden gewande'', “he shall not ride on any horse with fine trappings”, in a comparison with Heraclius and the cross.^(ONW)^(EWN) Middle Dutch ''riden'' follows in ''Aiol'' (1220–1240): ''Nu reit aiol uort harde unuerre'', “now Aiol rode on a little way”.^(EWN)^(VMNW)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ According to the EWN, the original Germanic sense was moving on the back of a beast of burden, usually a horse, and each Germanic language developed further senses from it.^(EWN) In Dutch, and under its influence in Frisian, the verb passed through driving with a horse and cart to the general sense of travelling over land in any vehicle, where German uses [[m|de|fahren]].^(EWN) Middle Dutch also used it of travelling by ship: in a text of 1300–1350 Walewein ''quam gereden'' in a ship.^(EWN)^(MNW) Winschoten still records in 1681 that a ship ''rijdt'' at anchor in a storm.^(Winschoten 1681)

+

+ The 13th-century texts have further senses: a fever “rides” a sick man, tormenting him (1290), and a stallion “rides” a mare, covering her (1285).^(VMNW) The curse ''rijd je te pletter!'' continues the old wish that an illness might ride someone.^(Van Sterkenburg 2001) Skating is ''riden opt ijs'' in a manuscript of about 1490, and ''schaatsenrijden'' keeps a trace of the old wider sense of moving along.^(WNT)^(MNW) In the 16th century Goedthals records ''men moet rijden en omzien'', “one must drive and look about”, that is, be careful, like a good carter.^(Stoett 1923)^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997) By the late 19th century the verb was used of bicycles and cars.^(EWN)

+

+ The verb went into the creoles: Negerhollands ''ri'', Berbice Dutch ''rei'', Sranan ''rèi'', which gave Saramaccan ''léi'', and Caribbean Javanese ''rèi'' “to ride, drive”.^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary) French borrowed it as the obsolete ''rider'' “to follow the track of game”.^(Van der Sijs 2010) Afrikaans has [[m|af|ry]].^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1151–1200 – Old Dutch ''ride'' in the Rhyming Bible fragments from Werden.^(ONW)^(EWN)

+ * 1220–1240 – Middle Dutch ''reit'' “rode” in ''Aiol''.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * 1285 – A West Flemish text uses ''riden'' of a stallion covering a mare.^(VMNW)

+ * 1290 – An East Flemish text says a fever ''hadde gereden'' a sick man.^(VMNW)

+ * 1300–1350 – ''Riden'' of travelling by ship.^(EWN)

+ * c. 1490 – ''Riden opt ijs'' “skating” in a manuscript.^(WNT)

+ * 16th century – Goedthals records ''men moet rijden en omzien''.^(Stoett 1923)

+ * 1681 – Winschoten uses ''rijden'' of a ship at anchor in a storm.^(Winschoten 1681)

+ * 1883 – ''Rijden'' of going by bicycle or car.^(EWN)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|drive]], to travel in a vehicle; of vehicles, to move along: ''we rijden morgen met de auto naar Gent'', ''de laatste bus rijdt om middernacht''.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # To [[m|en|ride]] an animal, especially a horse: ''zij rijdt al jaren paard''.^(Van Dale 2014)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # To [[schaatsen|alt=skate]]: ''op de vaart werd druk gereden''.^(Van Dale 2014)^(WNT)

+ # To take someone somewhere in a vehicle: ''hij reed zijn moeder naar het station''.^(Van Dale 2014)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # Of vehicles and roads, to feel a certain way while driving: ''die oude fiets rijdt nog prima''.^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # To move up and down or back and forth.^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[rijder]]

+ * [[rijtuig]]

+ * [[rijwiel]]

+ * [[rijbewijs]]

+ * [[berijden]]

+ * [[aanrijden]]

+ * [[afrijden]]

+ * [[autorijden]]

+ * [[doorrijden]]

+ * [[schaatsenrijden]]

+ * [[spookrijden]]

+ * [[rijverbod]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[rit]]

+ * [[ridder]]

+ * [[reilen]]

+ * [[en|ride]]

+ * [[de|reiten]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Rijden'' takes ''hebben'' or ''zijn'' in the perfect: ''zij heeft paard gereden'', but ''zij is naar huis gereden''.^(WNT) In Surinamese Dutch it is also used of travelling by boat and sometimes by plane, as Sranan ''waka'' covers every kind of movement.^(Van Donselaar 1989)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}