woord Dutch · revision 37377

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=791–800, Old Dutch (Utrecht baptismal vow)|origins=ine-pro *wr̥dʰom}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ʋoːrt/, [ʋʊːrt]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''woord''' ''n'' (plural woorden, diminutive woordje n)^(Wiktionary)

+ In the eastern dialects the plural is also formed with umlaut, as ''weurd''.^(WNT) Middle Dutch also had the forms ''waert'' and ''wart''.^(MNW)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|wort]], [[inh|odt|wort]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*word]], [[inh|gem-pro|*wurdą|t=word]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)^(Kroonen 2013) The same noun is [[osx|word]], [[goh|wort]] (modern [[de|Wort]]), [[ofs|word]], [[ang|word]] (modern [[en|word]]), [[non|orð]] and [[got|𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳|tr=waurd]], all of them first meaning a spoken utterance.^(EWN)^(Kroonen 2013) Old Frisian also has [[m|ofs|werd]], which seems to continue an ablaut form ⟨*werda-⟩, and Franck and Van Wijk suggest an old ablaut for the Middle Dutch variant ⟨waert⟩ too.^(EWN)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)

+

+ Outside Germanic the word is related to [[la|verbum|t=word]], with Latin ⟨b⟩ for the Indo-European ⟨dʰ⟩, and to [[lt|var̃das|t=name]] and [[lv|vārds|t=word]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(WNT) These go back to [[ine-pro|*werdʰo-]] beside ⟨*wr̥dʰo-⟩.^(EWN)^(Wiktionary) The EWN thinks the stem may have been simplified from ⟨*u(e)rh₁-dʰh₁-o-⟩, a compound of the root [[m|ine-pro|*werh₁-|t=to speak]] of [[grc|εἴρω|tr=eírō|t=I say]] and the root [[m|ine-pro|*dʰeh₁-|t=to put, place]] of [[doen]].^(EWN) De Vries took it as a formation with ⟨-dh-⟩ from a root “to speak solemnly”, comparing [[sa|व्रत|tr=vratá|t=command, vow]].^(De Vries 1971) Kroonen adds that if a Hittite verb belongs here, the root began with a laryngeal.^(Kroonen 2013) Trier (1951) linked it instead with a root “to bind, fence in” and explained it as the word solemnly spoken at the assembly inside its sacred enclosure, an idea De Vries only reports.^(De Vries 1971)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The word is first found in the Old Dutch Utrecht baptismal vow of the late 8th century: ''end ec forsacho allum dioboles uuercum and uuordum'', “and I renounce all the devil's works and words”.^(ONW)^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001) The Wachtendonck Psalms of the 10th century have ''Herro giuit uuort predicondon'', “the Lord gives the word to those who preach”.^(EWN)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The EWN notes that the first sense, a spoken utterance, is still alive in many set phrases, such as ''het woord voeren'', ''aan het woord zijn'', ''te woord staan'' and ''woord en daad'', and in [[antwoord]], [[voorwoord]] and [[verwoorden]].^(EWN) Early in all the West and North Germanic languages it also came to mean the smallest independent unit of language with a meaning of its own, today the neutral sense.^(EWN) A Limburg glossary of 1240 uses it for Latin ''verbum'', and a charter of 1277 notes ''tween worden'', two words written in above the line, so that the corrections could not later be used against the deed.^(VMNW)^(EWN)

+

+ ''Het woord ons heren'' (1285), the word of God, follows the sense of Latin ''verbum'', and the sense “word of honour” follows French ''parole d'honneur''.^(Van der Sijs 2005)^(EWN) The proverb ''wiens brood men eet, diens woord men spreekt'', “whose bread one eats, his word one speaks”, is in Smetius and matches Medieval Latin ''cuius enim panem manduco carmina canto''.^(Stoett 1923) Southern Dutch writers sometimes wrote ''een woord van iets'' after French ''un mot de'', where the north has ''een woord over iets''.^(De Vreese 1899)

+

+ The word was taken into Negerhollands (''woord'', ''wort''), Berbice Dutch (''woto'') and Sranan (''wortu''), and through Sranan into Saramaccan (''woútu'').^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary) Afrikaans has [[m|af|woord]].^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 791–800 – Old Dutch ''uuordum'' “words” in the Utrecht baptismal vow.^(ONW)^(EWN)

+ * 901–1000 – ''Uuort'' in the Wachtendonck Psalms.^(EWN)

+ * 1240 – Middle Dutch ''wort'' glosses Latin ''verbum'' in Limburg.^(VMNW)^(EWN)

+ * 1277 – A charter mentions ''tween worden'' written in above the line.^(EWN)

+ * 1285 – ''Tword ons heren'', the word of God.^(EWN)

+ * 1620 – ''Met werreck oft met woordt'', “by deed or by word”.^(WNT)

+ * 1861 – ''Zijn woord opeten'' “to eat one's words” is recorded as regional.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|word]]: a sound or group of sounds with a meaning of its own, or its written form: ''hoe spel je dit woord?''^(Van Dale 2014)^(WikiWoordenboek)^(Wiktionary)

+ # What someone says; a remark, an utterance: ''ze zei een paar vriendelijke woorden''.^(Van Dale 2014)^(WNT)

+ # The act of speaking, the floor: ''het woord nemen'', ''aan het woord zijn''.^(Van Dale 2014)^(EWN)

+ # A [[m|en|promise]], one's word of honour: ''zijn woord gestand doen'', to keep one's promise.^(Van Dale 2014)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # ''(Christianity)'' ''het Woord'', the word of God, the Bible.^(WikiWoordenboek)^(Van der Sijs 2005)

+ # ''(computing)'' A fixed-size unit of data handled by a processor.^(WikiWoordenboek)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[antwoord]]

+ * [[woordenboek]]

+ * [[woordelijk]]

+ * [[woordeloos]]

+ * [[bijwoord]]

+ * [[lidwoord]]

+ * [[voorwoord]]

+ * [[nawoord]]

+ * [[erewoord]]

+ * [[leenwoord]]

+ * [[scheldwoord]]

+ * [[verwoorden]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[verbum]]

+ * [[en|word]]

+ * [[de|Wort]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ A dialect word ''woord'', usually ''woerd'', means a drake.^(WNT)^(De Vries 1971) The Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal explains ''woord'' and ''woerd'' as dialect forms of ''waard'' “drake”, a word of uncertain origin.^(WNT)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}