vier Dutch · revision 37372

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=701–800, Lex Salica glosses|origins=ine-pro *kʷetwṓr}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /vir/, [viːr], [viər]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''vier''' (numeral); as a noun ''de vier'' (plural ''vieren'', diminutive ''viertje'')^(Wiktionary)

+ An older long form is ''viere'', like ''tiene'' beside ''tien''.^(WNT) Regional forms are ''veer'', which Kiliaan calls Saxon and which survives in Drenthe and Limburg, and Groningen ''vaier''.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|vier]] (also ⟨viere⟩), [[inh|odt|*fiuwar]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*feuwar]], [[inh|gem-pro|*fedwōr|t=four]], [[inh|ine-pro|*kʷetwṓr|t=four]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary) The same numeral is [[osx|fiuwar]], [[goh|fior]] (modern [[de|vier]]), [[ofs|fiūwer]], [[ang|fēower]] (modern [[en|four]]), [[non|fjórir]] and [[got|𐍆𐌹𐌳𐍅𐍉𐍂|tr=fidwōr]].^(EWN)^(Kroonen 2013)^(De Vries 1971) Outside Germanic it is [[la|quattuor]], [[grc|τέσσαρες|tr=téssares]], [[sa|चत्वारः|tr=catvā́raḥ]], [[lt|keturì]], [[sga|cethair]] and [[txb|śtwer]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)

+

+ The Germanic ⟨f-⟩ for an expected ⟨hw-⟩ from Indo-European ⟨*kʷ-⟩ has no regular explanation.^(EWN)^(Wiktionary) The EWN mentions a change like the British Celtic one of ⟨*kʷ⟩ to ⟨*p⟩, but finds analogy with the initial of [[vijf]] more likely, as do Kroonen and Franck and Van Wijk.^(EWN)^(Kroonen 2013)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) De Vries preferred a dissimilation within the numeral.^(De Vries 1971) Kroonen also finds it unclear how the West Germanic form ⟨*fewar-⟩ came from ⟨*fedwar-⟩, and suggests that the first dental was lost in the ordinal.^(Kroonen 2013) Van Haeringen called attempts to analyse the Indo-European word further “extremely daring and fantastic”.^(Van Haeringen 1936)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The numeral is probably first found in the Old Dutch glosses of the Lex Salica of the 8th century, in ''fitter thusunde'' “four thousand”.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001) It also appears in place names: ''Uiuuuarflet'' (918–948, in a copy of the late 11th century) and ''Vierackeren'', now Vierakker in Gelderland (1139–1150).^(EWN)^(ONW) Middle Dutch has ''viere'' in 1236 and ''die uiere cnapen'', “the four boys”, in ''Aiol'' (1220–1240).^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004)^(EWN)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ From the 16th century the WNT records ''vier'' in measures, prices and times of day: ''te vier uren'' “at four o'clock” appears in 1603.^(WNT) ''Bij vieren'' and ''na vieren'' still mean “around four” and “after four o'clock”.^(Van Dale 2014) As a noun, ''een vier'' is the figure 4 and the value four, as a score or mark.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ''Onder vier ogen'', “in private”, is found in Huygens and Tuinman, and German, French and Frisian have the same phrase.^(Stoett 1923) ''Veel vieren en vijven hebben'', “to make many objections”, goes back to the 17th-century oath ''bij gans vier en vijven'': there ''vier'' was a form of [[vuur]] “fire”, later taken for the numeral, and ''vijven'' was added as a joke.^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997)^(Van Sterkenburg 2001)

+

+ The numeral went into Negerhollands (''vier'', ''veer'', ''fi''), Berbice Dutch and Skepi Dutch (''firi'') and Sranan, and Trió has the loan ''pirë''.^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary) Afrikaans has [[m|af|vier]].^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 701–800 – ''Fitter thusunde'' “four thousand” in the Lex Salica glosses.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * 918–948 – The place name ''Uiuuuarflet''.^(EWN)^(ONW)

+ * 1139–1150 – The place name ''Vierackeren''.^(EWN)^(ONW)

+ * 1236 – Middle Dutch ''viere''.^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004)^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997)

+ * 1264 – The short form ''vier''.^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004)

+ * 1516 – ''Vier grauen'' “four counts”.^(WNT)

+ * 1603 – ''Te vier uren'' “at four o'clock”.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Numeral===

+ # [[m|en|four]], one more than three: ''ze hebben vier katten''.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Fourth in a series; four o'clock: ''na vieren''.^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ ===Noun===

+ # The figure 4.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # The value four, for example as a score or mark: ''hij haalde een vier voor Frans''.^(Wiktionary)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[vierde]]

+ * [[veertien]]

+ * [[veertig]]

+ * [[vierling]]

+ * [[vierhoek]]

+ * [[vierdaags]]

+ * [[vierdelig]]

+ * [[vierduizend]]

+ * [[vierhonderd]]

+ * [[vierbenig]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[vijf]]

+ * [[en|four]]

+ * [[de|vier]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ In West Flemish and Zealandic ''vier'' is also the local form of ''vuur'' “fire”, with its own compounds such as ''viermande'' “fire basket”.^(Debrabandere 2007)^(Wiktionary) In Suriname the ''vierde rang'' was the lowest teaching grade in primary education.^(Van Donselaar 1989)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}