kopen Dutch · revision 37371

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=9th–10th century, Old Dutch gloss (in a derivative)|origins=la caupō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈkoːpə(n)/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''kopen'''^(Wiktionary)

+ The past tense is ''kocht'' and the past participle ''gekocht''.^(EWN)^(WNT) Forms with ⟨ft⟩, ''kofte'' and ''gekoft'', were still written in the early 17th century.^(EWN)^(WNT)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|côpen]], [[inh|odt|cōpon]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*kaupōn]], [[inh|gem-pro|*kaupōną|t=to trade, buy]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary) The Germanic verb was formed from a noun for a trader, [[gem-pro|*kaupô|t=merchant]], which Germanic speakers took very early from [[la|caupō|t=small trader, pedlar, innkeeper]]; that Latin word may itself come from a non-Indo-European language, as may [[grc|κάπηλος|tr=kápēlos|t=retailer, huckster]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary) De Vries places the loan on the Rhine in the first century AD, where the Germanic tribes met Roman traders following the legions.^(De Vries 1971)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|206) The borrowed noun survives as [[goh|koufo|t=trader]] and [[ang|cȳpa]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971) Kluge instead derives the verb directly from the Latin verb [[m|la|caupōnor|t=to trade, haggle]], but the EWN objects that the Latin verb was rare and had a different meaning.^(EWN)

+

+ The same verb is [[osx|kōpian]], [[m|goh|koufōn]] (modern [[de|kaufen]]), [[ofs|kāpia]], [[m|ang|cēapian]], [[non|kaupa]] and [[got|𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍀𐍉𐌽|tr=kaupōn]], all meaning “to buy”.^(EWN) De Vries distinguishes two Germanic formations, one in [[m|gem-pro|*kaupōną|alt=*-ōn]] and one in [[m|gem-pro|*kaupijaną|alt=*-jan]], both continued in Old Saxon, Old High German and Old English.^(De Vries 1971)^(Wiktionary) The Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal notes that the western Dutch form could continue either, but that eastern dialects lack the umlaut a [[m|gem-pro|*kaupijaną|alt=*-jan-]] verb would show, which points to the first type.^(WNT) From the verb comes the noun [[koop]], whose cognates include [[m|ang|cēap]], the source of [[en|cheap]].^(EWN)

+

+ The past tense [[m|dum|cochte]] shows the very old change of /pt/ to /ft/ and the later Dutch change of /ft/ to /xt/: the EWN takes it as proof that the loanword is very old.^(EWN) De Vries and De Tollenaere note that the conjugation looks native, but still hold to the Latin source.^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|206)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old Dutch has the verb first in a 9th- or 10th-century gloss, through its derivative ''*kōpink'' “merchandise”; the compound ''kōpman'' “merchant” appears in a name of 1150, and the Reimbibel of 1151–1200 uses ''koufen'' of Christ, who would “buy us free with his blood”.^(EWN)^(ONW) In Middle Dutch the verb is first recorded in Aiol (1220–1240): ''cocht ic uiif'' “I bought five”.^(VMNW)^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The older and wider sense was “to trade”, buying and selling alike, and it shows through in the noun [[koop]] and in compounds such as [[koopman]] and ''koophandel''.^(MNW)^(WNT)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|206) In Middle Dutch, however, ''copen'' already usually meant “to buy”, both goods and rights; the seller was introduced by ''jegen'' or ''tegen'', and ''een wijf copen'' could mean simply to marry.^(MNW)^(VMNW) A text of 1548 still uses the verb once in the sense “to sell”.^(WNT)

+

+ From the New Testament came the figurative use of the redemption of mankind, as in a translation of 1557: ''ghy sijt duer ghekocht'' “you are bought at a price”.^(WNT) In the 17th century ''koop je geen glas?'', literally “won't you buy glasses?”, meant “do you get it?”.^(WNT) Stoett explains ''zijn kost is gekocht'' as having bought oneself into an almshouse, and so being free of worries about one's living.^(Stoett 1923) In recent Dutch ''kopen'' has also taken the sense “to accept, believe” from English ''to buy'': ''dat koop ik'' is “I'll go along with that”.^(Reinsma 1999)

+

+ The Dutch verb was borrowed into English and Scots as the now obsolete ''cope'' “to buy, barter”, into Menadonese, Negerhollands, Berbice Dutch and Skepi Dutch, and the agent noun [[koper]] gave English ''coper'', a floating liquor shop.^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 9th–10th century – An Old Dutch gloss contains the derivative ''*kōpink'' “merchandise”.^(EWN)^(ONW)

+ * 1151–1200 – The Reimbibel uses ''koufen'' “to buy free, redeem”.^(EWN)^(ONW)

+ * 1220–1240 – Middle Dutch ''copen'' is first recorded, in Aiol.^(VMNW)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * 1240 – A Limburg glossary gives ''copen'' for Latin ''negotiari'' “to trade”.^(VMNW)

+ * 1548 – The verb is used once in the sense “to sell”.^(WNT)

+ * 1557 – ''Ghy sijt duer ghekocht'' renders the biblical “you are bought at a price”.^(WNT)

+ * Early 17th century – The past forms ''kofte'' and ''gekoft'' are last in use.^(EWN)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # ''(transitive, also absolute)'' to [[m|en|buy]], to [[m|en|purchase]]: get something in exchange for money: ''Ze kocht een fiets voor haar zoon.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(ANW)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(colloquial)'' to accept, believe what someone proposes or claims: ''Dat verhaal koop ik niet.''^(Reinsma 1999)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[koop]]

+ * [[koper]]

+ * [[verkopen]]

+ * [[bekopen]]

+ * [[koopman]]

+ * [[koopwaar]]

+ * [[koopsom]]

+ * [[koopkracht]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[kapen]]

+ * [[en|cheap]]

+ * [[de|kaufen]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Iets op afbetaling kopen'' is to buy something in instalments.^(Van Dale 2014) Stoett records ''zijn kost is gekocht'' “his keep is bought”, said of someone whose living is secure.^(Stoett 1923)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}