klinken Dutch · revision 37368

+ {{homograph|1|to sound}}

+

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=inherited|attested=1285, Middle Dutch (West Flanders)|origins=gem-pro *klinganą}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈklɪŋ.kə(n)/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''klinken'''^(Wiktionary)

+ Middle Dutch had both [[m|dum|clinken]] and [[m|dum|clingen]]; the two forms lived side by side until the 17th century, when ''klingen'' went out of use.^(EWN)^(MNW) West Flemish still has ''klingen'', ''klong'', ''geklongen''.^(MNW)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ To sound is [[inh|dum|clinken]], beside [[m|dum|clingen]], [[inh|odt|*clingan]], [[inh|gem-pro|*klinganą|t=to sound]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary) The same verb is [[goh|klingan]] (modern [[de|klingen]]) and [[ofs|klinga]], and Middle English has [[m|enm|clynke]], modern [[en|clink]].^(EWN)^(Van Haeringen 1936)^(WNT) The EWN and De Vries and De Tollenaere call it a sound-imitating word, like [[klak]].^(EWN)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|197)

+

+ Kroonen takes the form with /g/ as the older one: the /k/ of [[m|gem-pro|*klinkan-]] was taken from an iterative verb that stood beside it, and he sees no etymology beyond an imitation of sound, like [[la|clangō|t=to clang]].^(Kroonen 2013) De Vries asks whether it might belong with the Latin verb after all and have come into Germanic from a pre-Germanic substrate after the sound shift.^(De Vries 1971) Franck and Van Wijk find it impossible to decide how far it is related to that word and to [[m|ang|clynnan|t=to sound, knock]].^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The verb is first recorded in the Rijmbijbel, written in West Flanders in 1285: ''om dat coper clinket clare'' “because copper rings clear”, explaining why Alexander is called a copper king.^(VMNW)^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001) A text of 1300–1350 says a singer sang so clear that the whole wood rang.^(EWN)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ From the sound of metal and voices the verb came to be used of names and words that make an impression: in 1566 a text speaks of ''clijnckende'' names of theologians, and in 1567 a cure would be a ''clijnckende mirakel'' “a resounding miracle”.^(WNT) ''Klinken als een klok'' “to ring like a bell” meant both to sound loud and, figuratively, to be first-rate, as in a party that ''klinkt als een klok'' (1782).^(WNT)^(Van Dale 2014) Today the verb also means “to make a certain impression”, as in ''dat klinkt vreemd'', and “to clink glasses” in a toast.^(Van Dale 2014)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+

+ Stoett explains ''holle vaten klinken het meest'' “empty barrels sound loudest” as those who know least talk loudest.^(Stoett 1923) De Vreese condemned ''het uur heeft geklonken'' “the hour has struck” as a gallicism after French ''l'heure sonne''.^(De Vreese 1899) In Flemish dialects ''klinken'' is also “to ring the doorbell”.^(Debrabandere 2002)^(Debrabandere 2005) The verb was borrowed into Swedish ''klinga'' and Negerhollands ''kling'', and through French ''clinquant'' “tinsel” into English.^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(De Vries 1971)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1285 – ''Clinken'' “to ring” is first recorded, in the West Flemish Rijmbijbel.^(VMNW)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * 1300–1350 – A singer's voice makes a whole wood ring.^(EWN)

+ * 1511 – ''Mynen voys clynckende jnt herte'' “my voice ringing in the heart” is recorded.^(WNT)

+ * 1566 – The participle ''clijnckende'' is used of impressive names.^(WNT)

+ * 17th century – The variant ''klingen'' goes out of use.^(EWN)

+ * 1782 – A party that ''klinkt als een klok'' is a first-rate one.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # ''(intransitive)'' to [[m|en|sound]], [[m|en|ring]]: give out a clear, audible sound: ''De bel klonk door het hele gebouw.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(intransitive)'' to make a certain impression, to sound: ''Zijn plan klinkt eenvoudig.''^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # ''(intransitive)'' to [[m|en|clink]] glasses, touch one's glass against another's in a toast.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[klinker]]

+ * [[medeklinker]]

+ * [[weerklinken]]

+ * [[naklinken]]

+ * [[meeklinken]]

+ * [[doorklinken]]

+ * [[klinkletter]]

+

+ {{homograph|2|to rivet}}

+

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=inherited|attested=1350, Middle Dutch|origins=gem-pro *klinganą}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈklɪŋ.kə(n)/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''klinken'''^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ To rivet is [[inh|dum|clinken]], beside [[m|dum|clingen|t=to stick, cling]], [[inh|gem-pro|*klinganą|t=to adhere to, cling to]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)^(Kroonen 2013) It is the same verb as [[nds|klingen|t=to shrivel]], [[goh|klingan|t=to curl]], [[gmh|klingen|t=to climb]] and [[ang|clingan|t=to shrink, shrivel]], whence [[en|cling]], from a Proto-Germanic verb “to cling”; beside it stood a causative seen in [[m|goh|klenkan|t=to fasten firmly]] and [[m|ang|-clencan]], modern [[m|en|clench]] and [[m|en|clinch]].^(EWN)^(Kroonen 2013) The further origin is unclear, the EWN says;^(EWN)^(Wiktionary) Wiktionary traces it to [[ine-pro|*gley-|t=to glue, stick together]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ The old Middle Dutch senses were intransitive, “to stick fast, stay stuck”, and in the EWN's view the modern verb took over the meaning of a causative [[dum|*clenken|t=to fasten]], as [[verdrinken]] took over that of [[verdrenken]].^(EWN) The idea of fastening by striking may have been strengthened by [[klinken#1]] “to sound”.^(EWN) The Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal treats the uses in one article, but notes that it is not sure all of them belong to the same verb.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ A man called Petrus Clinkespore is named in 1294.^(EWN) In Middle Dutch of 1350–1400 a good sword ''in den vloer clanc'' “stuck half a foot deep in the ground”, and a surgical text of 1351 says the egg white dries and ''clinget an dbeen'' “sticks to the leg” under the bandage.^(EWN)^(MNW)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The sense “to fasten by striking” is dated to 1350.^(Van der Sijs 2001)^(WikiWoordenboek) In early modern Dutch the verb meant “to make by hammering”, as in a cup ''van zelvere al fraey gecloncken'' “finely wrought of silver” (1567), and “to fix by hammering”, as in ''klinckt d'ysre spijckers door de handen heen'' “drive the iron nails through the hands” (1641).^(EWN)^(WNT) It was used of chaining prisoners, of ships built of overlapping planks, and above all of riveting metal parts with a [[klinknagel]].^(WNT) From this verb comes the noun [[klink]] “latch”, already Middle Dutch in 1240.^(EWN)

+

+ The old intransitive senses left few traces, but in the 20th century ''klinken'' is again used for [[inklinken]], of ground that settles.^(EWN) ''Het is geklonken'', as in Vondel, means “the matter is settled”, especially of an engagement;^(Stoett 1923) Stoett explains it as “fixed as if nailed”.^(Stoett 1923) Danish and Norwegian ''klinke'' and Papiamentu ''klinchi'' “to rivet” were borrowed from it.^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1240 – The derivative ''clinke'' “latch” is recorded in the Bernardus glossary.^(EWN)

+ * 1294 – The name Petrus Clinkespore is recorded.^(EWN)

+ * 1350 – ''Clinken'' “to fasten by striking” is first dated.^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * 1351 – Egg white ''clinget'' “sticks” to a leg.^(EWN)^(MNW)

+ * 1567 – A silver cup is ''fraey gecloncken'' “finely wrought”.^(EWN)^(WNT)

+ * 1641 – Iron nails are ''geklonken'' through the hands.^(EWN)^(WNT)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # ''(transitive)'' to [[m|en|rivet]]: shape the end of a rivet into a head by hammering.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(transitive)'' to join metal parts by hammering or forging.^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # ''(transitive)'' to nail, fasten, [[m|en|clinch]].^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[klink]]

+ * [[klinknagel]]

+ * [[klinkhamer]]

+ * [[beklinken]]

+ * [[inklinken]]

+ * [[vastklinken]]

+ * [[ontklinken]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[en|clink]]

+ * [[en|cling]]

+ * [[de|klingen]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}