leren Dutch · revision 37363

+ {{homograph|1|to learn, to teach}}

+

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=901–1000, Wachtendonck Psalms|origins=gem-pro *laizijaną}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈleːrə(n)/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''leren'''^(Wiktionary)

+ The older spelling is ''leeren''.^(Wiktionary)^(WNT)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ The verb is [[inh|dum|lêren]], [[inh|odt|lēren|t=to teach]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*laiʀijan]], [[inh|gem-pro|*laizijaną|t=to teach]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)^(ONW) The same verb is [[osx|lērian]], [[goh|lēren]] (modern [[de|lehren]]), [[ofs|lēra]], [[ang|lǣran]] and [[got|𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽|tr=laisjan]], all meaning “to make know”, while [[non|læra]] was borrowed from Old English or Middle Low German.^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Kroonen 2013)

+

+ It has the form of a causative, with the ⟨o⟩-grade of the root and the suffix ⟨*-jan-⟩, and with grammatical change of ⟨s⟩ to ⟨r⟩ in West and North Germanic.^(EWN)^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997) The verb it was made from survives only in Gothic, in the preterite-present [[m|got|𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃|tr=lais|t=I know]] and in the second part of [[m|got|𐌻𐌿𐌱𐌾𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍃|tr=lubjaleis|t=skilled in poisons]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(WNT) For the sense “to acquire knowledge” West Germanic formed a new present stem ⟨*liz-nō-⟩, which gave [[gml|lernen]], [[m|goh|lernēn]] (modern [[m|de|lernen]]), [[m|ofs|lirnia]] and [[m|ang|leornian]] (modern [[en|learn]]).^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971) Its Middle Dutch counterpart ⟨leernen⟩ is found only once, and ⟨leren⟩ took over its sense.^(De Vries 1971)^(WNT)

+

+ No related verbs are known outside Germanic.^(EWN) The usual view derives the base from a noun “track, furrow” (see [[leest]]), with a development from “to make follow a track” to “to make know”.^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997) Van Veen and Van der Sijs compare [[la|līra|t=ridge thrown up by the plough]] and [[lt|lysė|t=garden bed]].^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997) Benveniste (1947) found no trace of such a development in the old Germanic languages and denied the link; if he is right, the verb was probably derived from the noun [[leer]] “teaching”, which is usually taken as derived from the verb.^(EWN) Kroonen takes it as the causative of [[m|gem-pro|*lisan-]], but the EWN sees no link with [[lezen]].^(Kroonen 2013)^(EWN)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The Wachtendonck Psalms of the 10th century have ''Got thu lerdos mi fan iuginde minro'', “God, you have taught me from my youth”.^(ONW)^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001) In Middle Dutch a Limburg glossary of 1240 glosses with ''leren'' both Latin ''rudire'' and ''magistrare'' “to teach” and ''discere'' “to learn”.^(VMNW)^(EWN)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In the Old Dutch records the verb means “to teach”: the Rhyming Bible fragments from Werden say that the apostles went out and taught about God.^(ONW) The WNT finds the oldest sense to be “to make know”, of which “to teach” is a special case.^(WNT) Middle Dutch also had “to learn”, as in ''dat walsch te leerne'', “to learn French” (1265–1270), and “to tell”, as in a story ''dat ic v sal leeren'', “that I shall tell you”.^(EWN)^(VMNW)

+

+ The proverb ''al doende leert men'', “one learns by doing”, is found from the 16th century, in Servilius.^(Stoett 1923)^(Van Dale 2014) In Jewish use ''leren'' is to study the Torah and the Talmud, after Yiddish ''lernen''.^(Van de Kamp 2006)^(Beem 1974) In Surinamese Dutch it also means to teach, to be a teacher, a use that is obsolete in the standard language.^(Van Donselaar 1989)

+

+ Danish and Norwegian ''lære'' and Swedish ''lära'' may come from Dutch or Low German.^(Van der Sijs 2010) The verb was also taken into Negerhollands (''leer''), Berbice Dutch (''lere'') and Sranan (''leri'', also “school subject”), and into Saramaccan (''léi'').^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary) Afrikaans has [[m|af|leer]].^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 901–1000 – Old Dutch ''lerdos'' “you taught” in the Wachtendonck Psalms.^(ONW)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * c. 1100 – ''Lerda'' “taught” in the Egmond Williram.^(ONW)

+ * 1240 – Middle Dutch ''leren'' glosses Latin ''discere'' and ''magistrare''.^(VMNW)^(EWN)

+ * 1265–1270 – ''Dat walsch te leerne'' “to learn French”.^(EWN)

+ * 16th century – Servilius records ''al doende leertmen''.^(Stoett 1923)

+ * 1595 – Dogs ''ter Jacht geleert'' “trained for hunting”.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|learn]], to acquire knowledge or a skill: ''mijn zus leert Spaans''.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To [[m|en|teach]]: ''opa heeft ons leren vissen''.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''Uit het hoofd leren'': to learn by heart.^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # ''(Judaism)'' To study the Torah and the Talmud.^(Van de Kamp 2006)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[leraar]]

+ * [[lerares]]

+ * [[leerling]]

+ * [[lering]]

+ * [[geleerd]]

+ * [[aanleren]]

+ * [[afleren]]

+ * [[verleren]]

+ * [[bijleren]]

+ * [[leerkracht]]

+ * [[leerplicht]]

+ * [[leerjaar]]

+ * [[leergeld]]

+

+ {{homograph|2|leathern}}

+

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=14th century, Middle Dutch (as lederijn)|origins=gem-pro *leþrą}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈleːrə(n)/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''leren''' (not comparable)^(Wiktionary)

+ The fuller form is ''lederen'', now somewhat archaic.^(Wiktionary)^(WNT)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ The adjective “leathern” is [[af|nl|leer|-en]], the contracted form of [[lederen]].^(Wiktionary)^(EWN) Middle Dutch had [[m|dum|lederijn]], also ⟨lederen⟩ and already ⟨leren⟩, formed with the suffix of material adjectives on ⟨leder⟩, the older form of the noun, which later lost its ⟨d⟩ between vowels.^(EWN)^(MNW) The suffix, Middle Dutch ⟨-ijn⟩, goes back to [[gem-pro|*-īn-]] and is still productive.^(EWN) The same adjective is [[gml|liderîn]], [[goh|lidirîn]] (modern [[de|ledern]]) and [[ang|liðerin]] (modern [[en|leathern]]).^(WNT)^(MNW)

+

+ The noun [[leer]] goes back to [[m|gem-pro|*leþrą]], related to [[sga|lethar]] and [[cy|lledr]], from [[ine-pro|*letro-]].^(EWN) Its further origin is unknown, and the Germanic and Celtic words may have been borrowed one from the other.^(EWN)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The EWN's first record is ''lederne budel'' “leather purses” (1367–1372).^(EWN) The Middle Dutch dictionary quotes a Flemish account in which the aldermen have ''100 leederine eemers'', a hundred leather buckets, made for use at fires.^(MNW) The contracted form appears in ''leren wamboysen'' “leather doublets” (1452–1501).^(EWN)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Kiliaan gives both ''lederen'' and ''leren''.^(MNW) The WNT quotes a ''leeren Wambas'' and ''leeren Broek'' in 1600, a leather fire bucket in 1644 and a roomy leather armchair in 1837.^(WNT) Figuratively the adjective can mean “dry like leather”.^(WNT) Today ''leren'' is the usual form, and ''lederen'' sounds old-fashioned.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1367–1372 – ''Lederne budel'' “leather purses”.^(EWN)

+ * 1378 – ''Leederine eemers'' “leather buckets”.^(EWN)

+ * 1452–1501 – The contracted ''leren wamboysen''.^(EWN)

+ * 1600 – ''Een leeren Wambas''.^(WNT)

+ * 1644 – ''Een leeren brandemmer'' “a leather fire bucket”.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # Made of [[m|en|leather]], leathern: ''hij droeg een zwarte leren jas''.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(figurative)'' [[m|en|leathery]], dry like leather.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[leer]]

+ * [[leest]]

+ * [[de|lehren]]

+ * [[en|learn]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}