schuld Dutch · revision 37361

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=1151–1200, Old Dutch (Reimbibel)|origins=gem-pro *skulaną}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /sxʏlt/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''schuld''' ''f'' (plural schulden, diminutive schuldje n)^(Wiktionary)

+ Middle Dutch had both ''scult'' and ''scout''.^(MNW)^(EWN) Eastern dialects have ''schoud''.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|scult]], [[inh|odt|skult]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*skuldi]], [[inh|gem-pro|*skuldiz|t=obligation, debt]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)^(ONW) It is an abstract noun formed with the suffix [[ine-pro|*-tis|alt=*-ti-]], with grammatical alternation, from the Germanic verb stem of [[zullen]], [[m|gem-pro|*skulaną|t=to owe, be obliged]].^(EWN)^(Kroonen 2013)^(De Vries 1971) The same word is [[osx|skuld]], [[goh|sculd]] (modern [[de|Schuld]]), [[ofs|skeld]], [[ang|scyld]] and [[non|skuld]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Kroonen 2013) It is not recorded in Gothic.^(MNW) Wiktionary traces the Germanic noun to [[ine-pro|*skel-|t=to be obliged, owe, be guilty]] and compares [[lt|kaltė̃|t=guilt]].^(Wiktionary)

+

+ The regular Middle Dutch form was [[m|dum|scout]], with Old Dutch /ult/ becoming /out/ as in [[koud]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971) In the genitive and dative [[m|odt|*skuldi]], umlaut prevented that change.^(EWN) These cases made ⟨schuld⟩ the usual form.^(EWN)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) Franck and Van Wijk add the influence of the adjective [[schuldig]].^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The Reimbibel, an Old Dutch rhymed Bible of the second half of the 12th century, has ''Ire beider sculde waren grozlich'', “the sins of both of them were very great”, in the sense of wrongdoing.^(EWN)^(ONW) The first Middle Dutch record, in the Floyris of 1201–1225, is a money debt: ''ic late en die sculde'', “I remit them the debt”.^(EWN)^(VMNW)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The original sense was “obligation”, especially the duty to repay a loan, which the word still has.^(EWN) It could also be a moral obligation or penalty, still seen in the proverb ''belofte maakt schuld'', already Middle Dutch as ''loofte maket schult''.^(EWN)^(Stoett 1923) Under Christian influence “what one owes” became “what one owes God”, and so “sin, wrongdoing”, as in ''vergeef ons onze schulden'' (Matthew 6:12).^(EWN) From this came the modern sense “responsibility for a wrong”, as in ''iemand de schuld geven''; all these senses already existed in Middle Dutch.^(EWN) A text of 1220–1240 has ''dur uwe sculde'' “through your doing”, and a Middelburg charter of 1254 ''zonder mans schoud'' “while the man was innocent”.^(EWN)^(VMNW)

+

+ In the money sense the Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal's quotations begin in 1531, and ''schulden maken'' “to run up debts” is found in 1600.^(WNT) The word was borrowed into Negerhollands and Berbice Dutch (''skolo'' “credit, account”), and through Afrikaans [[m|af|skuld]] into Zulu.^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1151–1200 – The Reimbibel has ''sculde'' “sins”.^(EWN)^(ONW)

+ * 1201–1225 – Middle Dutch ''sculde'' “debt” appears in the Floyris.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * 1220–1240 – ''Dur uwe sculde'' “through your doing” is recorded.^(EWN)

+ * 1254 – A Middelburg charter has the form ''schoud''.^(EWN)^(VMNW)

+ * 1531 – A text mentions annuities and debts on a ship that is sold.^(WNT)

+ * 1600 – ''Schulden maken'' “to run up debts” is recorded.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|debt]], an amount one owes for a service or delivery: ''Ze heeft nog een flinke schuld bij de bank.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # [[m|en|blame]], fault, responsibility for something that went wrong: ''Het ongeluk was niet zijn schuld.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # ''(law)'' [[m|en|guilt]], culpability.^(Wiktionary)

+ # Guilt, moral fault; in religious language, sin.^(Wiktionary)^(EWN)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[verontschuldigen]]

+ * [[belastingschuld]]

+ * [[ereschuld]]

+ * [[gokschuld]]

+ * [[onschuld]]

+ * [[oorlogsschuld]]

+ * [[schuldbekentenis]]

+ * [[schuldbesef]]

+ * [[schuldbewijs]]

+ * [[schuldeiser]]

+ * [[schuldeloos]]

+ * [[schuldenaar]]

+ * [[schuldenlast]]

+ * [[schuldgevoel]]

+ * [[schuldig]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[zullen]]

+ * [[de|Schuld]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Belofte maakt schuld'' means that what one promises one must do, and ''eigen schuld, dikke bult'' is said when someone complains about the results of their own actions.^(Van Dale 2014) The proverb ''waar twee kijven, hebben twee schuld'' puts the blame for a quarrel on both sides.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}