hoop Dutch · revision 37359

+ {{homograph|1|heap}}

+

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=901–1000, Wachtendonck Psalms (in the verb hopon)|origins=gem-pro *haupaz}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ɦoːp/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''hoop''' ''m'' (plural hopen, diminutive hoopje n)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ The heap is [[inh|dum|hoop]], [[inh|odt|*hōp]], [[inh|gem-pro|*haupaz|alt=*haupa-|t=heap, pile]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)^(Kroonen 2013) Old Dutch has it first in the derived verb [[m|odt|hōpon|t=to heap up]] of the 10th century, and then as ⟨houph⟩ “heap” around 1100.^(EWN)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) The same word is [[osx|hōp]], [[goh|houf]], [[ofs|hāp]] and [[ang|hēap]] (modern [[en|heap]]), all “heap, pile”.^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Kroonen 2013) Beside it stands a form with another vowel grade, [[gem-pro|*hūpô|alt=*hūpan-]], in [[gml|hūpe]] and [[goh|hūfo]] (modern [[de|Haufen]]).^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)

+

+ The further origin is uncertain.^(EWN) The word is usually traced to the root [[ine-pro|*kewb-|alt=*keub-|t=to bend, curve]] that is also seen in [[heup]], but the EWN finds that the non-Germanic words compared under [[heuvel]], such as [[lt|kaũpas|t=heap]] and [[ae|kaofa|t=mountain ridge, hump]], fit the meaning much better.^(EWN)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(De Vries 1971) Kroonen sets up [[m|ine-pro|*kouHp-nó-]] for the Germanic noun.^(Kroonen 2013) If all these words belong together, the differences of form cannot be explained within Proto-Indo-European, and the EWN considers a source in a pre-Indo-European language.^(EWN)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ In the 10th-century Wachtendonck Psalms the derived verb ''hōpon'' appears, and a text of about 1100 has ''houph'' “heap”.^(EWN) Middle Dutch has the phrase ''te hope'' “together” in 1201–1225, and in 1240 a Limburg glossary renders Latin ''strues'' “heap, pile” as ''hoep''.^(EWN)^(VMNW) In 1285 a Flemish rhymed Bible tells how the birds all came together ''ouer eenen hop'', “in one flock”, and of a great heap of stones on a man.^(EWN)^(VMNW)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ From a pile of things the word was applied to groups of animals and people: a flock, a herd, a band of soldiers (1285).^(VMNW)^(Van der Sijs 2001) From the 17th century it also meant simply “a large amount”, as in ''een hoope geld'' (1691), and since 1605 it has also meant a dropping of dung.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001)^(WNT) The heap of a mole, of rubble or of manure gave compounds such as [[molshoop]], [[puinhoop]] and [[mesthoop]].^(WNT)

+

+ ''Overhoop'', literally “one heap upon another”, means in disorder; with verbs such as ''lopen'' or ''schieten'' it meant to knock someone down.^(Stoett 1923) The saying ''de duivel schijt altijd op de grootste hoop'' remarks that good fortune goes to those who are already rich.^(Van Dale 2014)^(WNT) The seaman Winschoten explains a ''hooplooper'' as an inexperienced sailor added to the common crowd of the crew.^(Winschoten 1681)

+

+ The word was borrowed into Scots (obsolete ''hope'' “heap”), into Danish, Norwegian and Swedish (from Dutch or Low German), into Negerhollands and into Papiamentu ([[pap|hoopi]] “a lot, heap”).^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary) French [[m|fr|houppe|t=tuft]] may come from the Middle Dutch word.^(De Vries 1971)^(Van der Sijs 2010)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 901–1000 – The Old Dutch verb ''hōpon'' “to heap up” appears in the Wachtendonck Psalms.^(EWN)

+ * c. 1100 – ''Houph'' “heap”.^(EWN)

+ * 1201–1225 – Middle Dutch ''te hope'' “together”.^(EWN)

+ * 1240 – ''Hoep'' glosses Latin ''strues'' in Limburg.^(EWN)^(VMNW)

+ * 1285 – ''Hop'' “flock” and “band of soldiers”.^(EWN)^(VMNW)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * 1605 – “Dropping, dung”.^(Van der Sijs 2001)^(WNT)

+ * 1642 – “A large amount”.^(EWN)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|heap]], a [[m|en|pile]] of things or of a substance.^(Van Dale 2014)^(ANW)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(informal)'' A large amount, a lot: ''een hoop werk'';^(Van Dale 2014)^(ANW)^(Wiktionary) ''hoop en al'', all told, no more than.^(Van Dale 2014)^(ANW)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A crowd, a mass of people;^(ANW)^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary) ''de grote hoop'', the masses.^(ANW)^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A dropping, a heap of dung.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(obsolete)'' A band of soldiers.^(VMNW)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[ophopen]]

+ * [[aardhoop]]

+ * [[mesthoop]]

+ * [[mierenhoop]]

+ * [[molshoop]]

+ * [[puinhoop]]

+ * [[zandhoop]]

+ * [[schroothoop]]

+ * [[termietenhoop]]

+

+ {{homograph|2|hope}}

+

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=inherited|attested=1236, Middle Dutch (Ghent)|origins=odt hopon}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ɦoːp/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''hoop''' ''f'' (uncountable, no diminutive)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ The noun of hoping is [[inh|dum|hope]], [[inh|odt|*hopa]], probably formed from the verb [[hopen]], [[m|odt|hopon|t=to strive for, desire]], although the verb may also have been formed from the noun.^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)^(ONW) Old Dutch has only the prefixed [[m|odt|tohopa|t=hope, refuge]].^(EWN)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) The same noun is [[gml|hōpe]], [[ofs|hope]] and [[ang|hopa]], beside older [[m|ang|tōhopa]] (modern [[en|hope]]).^(EWN)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(Van Haeringen 1936) Middle Low German lent the verb to Middle High German (modern [[de|hoffen]]) and the noun and verb to Swedish ([[sv|hopp]]) and Danish ([[da|håb]]).^(EWN)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)

+

+ Its further origin is unclear.^(EWN)^(WNT) The Dutch and English verbs are the oldest records, and the words may have been brought to the continent as Christian terms by the Anglo-Saxon mission, replacing an older word [[gem-pro|*wēniz|alt=*wēn-|t=hope, expectation]] (see [[waan]]).^(EWN)^(Van Haeringen 1936) A link with [[la|cupiō|t=to desire]] has been proposed, but the unshifted ⟨p⟩ is a problem.^(EWN) Sanders instead thinks of an old northwestern word meaning “to start up (in fright or curiosity)”, from the root of [[huppelen]], citing German hunters' [[m|de|verhoffen|t=to stop and look round, of game]];^(EWN)^(Van Haeringen 1936)^(De Vries 1971) Van Haeringen and NEW find such explanations unconvincing.^(EWN)^(Van Haeringen 1936)^(De Vries 1971)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The 10th-century Wachtendonck Psalms call God ''tohopa min'', “my hope, my refuge”.^(EWN) Middle Dutch ''hope'' is first recorded in a rule of 1236 from Ghent, in the phrase ''dor de hope dat'', “in the hope that”.^(EWN)^(VMNW)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ By the 13th century the word was used with adjectives for kinds of hope, such as false hope (1270), and for the hope of eternal life.^(VMNW) Older writers also used the plural for several hopes at once, sometimes as a Latinism.^(WNT) The anchor became the emblem of hope, and ''De Hoop'' was a common name for houses, farms and ships.^(WNT) Anglers said they had ''hoop'' when a fish bit.^(WNT)

+

+ ''Geloof, hoop en liefde'', faith, hope and love, are the three Christian virtues of 1 Corinthians 13:13.^(Van Dale 2014) ''De hoop van het vaderland'', the young generation, translates Latin ''spes patriae'', and ''tussen hoop en vrees'' “between hope and fear” is Latin ''inter spem et metum''.^(Van der Sijs 2005)^(Van Dale 2014) The proverb ''zolang er leven is, is er hoop'' renders the Latin ''dum spiro spero'';^(Stoett 1923) Goedthals gave it as ''soo langhe alsser asem inden mensche is, isser hope aen'' in the 16th century.^(Stoett 1923)

+

+ Dutch passed the word to Sranan Tongo ([[srn|howpu]]), and Danish took [[m|da|håb]] from Dutch or Low German.^(Van der Sijs 2010)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 901–1000 – Old Dutch ''tohopa'' “hope, refuge” in the Wachtendonck Psalms.^(EWN)

+ * 1236 – Middle Dutch ''hope'', in Ghent.^(EWN)^(VMNW)

+ * 1240 – ''Hope'' “expectation” in a Limburg glossary.^(Van der Sijs 2001)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ * 1573 – ''Kleyn hope'', “little hope”.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|hope]], the wish and expectation that something good will happen: ''de hoop opgeven''.^(Van Dale 2014)^(ANW)^(Wiktionary)

+ # The person or thing in which one puts one's hope.^(Van Dale 2014)^(ANW)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[hopen]]

+ * [[hopeloos]]

+ * [[hopelijk]]

+ * [[hoopvol]]

+ * [[hoopgevend]]

+ * [[wanhoop]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[heup]]

+ * [[heuvel]]

+ * [[huppelen]]

+ * [[en|heap]]

+ * [[en|hope]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}