broer Dutch · revision 37344

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=1300–1350, Middle Dutch (West Flanders)|origins=ine-pro *bʰréh₂tēr}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /brur/, [bruːr]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''broer''' ''m'' (plural broers, diminutive broertje n)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|broer]], a contracted form of [[broeder]], [[inh|dum|broeder]], [[inh|odt|bruother]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*brōþer]], [[inh|gem-pro|*brōþēr|alt=*brōþer-|t=brother]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)^(Kroonen 2013) The /d/ between vowels dropped out, as in [[weer]] and [[blij]].^(Wiktionary)

+

+ The same word is [[got|𐌱𐍂𐍉𐌸𐌰𐍂|tr=broþar]], [[non|bróðir]], [[ang|brōþor]] (modern [[en|brother]]), [[ofs|brōther]], [[osx|brōthar]] and [[goh|bruodar]] (modern [[de|Bruder]]).^(EWN)^(Kroonen 2013)^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997) It is one of the kinship terms common to the Indo-European languages, from [[ine-pro|*bʰréh₂tēr]], and it is related to [[la|frāter]], [[grc|φράτηρ|tr=phrā́tēr|t=member of a brotherhood]], [[sa|भ्रातृ|tr=bhrā́tṛ]], [[lt|brólis]], [[cu|братръ|tr=bratrŭ]] and [[sga|bráthair]].^(EWN)^(Kroonen 2013)^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old Dutch ''bruothron'', “to the brothers”, is in the Wachtendonck Psalms of the 10th century, and Middle Dutch ''broder'' “brother” in a charter of 1236.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001) The contracted ''broer'' is first found in West Flemish Middle Dutch of 1300–1350.^(EWN)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ For centuries ''broer'' was the spoken form and ''broeder'' the written one; at the end of the 19th century writers still mostly used ''broeder'', and only in the 20th century did ''broer'' become the standard written form for a sibling.^(EWN) The fuller form kept the senses “monk, lay brother” and “male nurse”, because monks called one another by Latin ''frater'' and often worked as nurses.^(EWN)

+

+ The ANW extends ''broer'' to a close friend, an animal with the same parents, and a species, organisation or idea closely related to another.^(ANW) Dutch ''broer'' passed into Afrikaans, Berbice Dutch, Negerhollands and Skepi Dutch, and into the Malay of Ambon, Manado and Java as ''brur''.^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary) In North Brabant the youngest son is often called ''Broer'', which is also a first name.^(Van der Schaar 2004)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 10th century – Old Dutch ''bruothron'' “brothers” in the Wachtendonck Psalms.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * 1236 – Middle Dutch ''broder'' “brother”.^(EWN)

+ * 1300–1350 – West Middle Dutch ''broer''.^(EWN)

+ * 1410 – ''Broeder'' “member of a religious order”.^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * 1899 – ''Broeder'' “male nurse”.^(Van der Sijs 2001)^(EWN)

+ * 20th century – ''Broer'' becomes the usual written form.^(EWN)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|brother]]: a man or boy with the same parents as another person: ''mijn oudste broer woont in Gent''.^(Van Dale 2014)^(ANW)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A man treated as a brother, a very close friend.^(ANW)

+ # ''(slang)'' [[m|en|bro]], a form of address between men.^(Wiktionary)

+ # Something closely related to something else, such as a sister organisation or a related species.^(ANW)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[jabroer]]

+ * [[schoonbroer]]

+ * [[drinkebroer]]

+ * [[halfbroer]]

+ * [[tweelingbroer]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[broeder]]

+ * [[en|brother]]

+ * [[de|Bruder]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Een broertje dood hebben aan iets'' is to loathe something.^(Wiktionary) For a monk or a nurse the form is ''broeder''.^(EWN)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}