morgen Dutch · revision 37337

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=901–1000, Wachtendonck Psalms|origins=gem-pro *murganaz}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈmɔrɣə(n)/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''morgen''' ''m'' (plural morgens, diminutive morgentje n), as an adverb invariable^(Wiktionary)

+ Middle Dutch also had ''marghen'' and ''merghen'', still heard in dialects.^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(De Vries 1971)

+ Southern Dutch has a form ''morgend'', with a ⟨d⟩ taken over from ''avond''.^(EWN)^(WNT)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|morghen]], [[inh|odt|morgan]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*morgin]], [[inh|gem-pro|*murganaz|alt=*murgana-|t=morning]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)^(Kroonen 2013) The same word is [[osx|morgan]], [[goh|morgan]] (modern [[de|Morgen]]), [[ofs|morn]] (modern [[fy|moarn]]), [[ang|morgen]] (whence [[m|en|morn]]), [[non|morginn]] and [[got|𐌼𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐌹𐌽𐍃|tr=maurgins]], all meaning “morning”.^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Kroonen 2013) The Germanic forms vary in the vowel of the stem and of the suffix, so that several stems are reconstructed: Kroonen suggests that ⟨*murgena-⟩ and ⟨*murgana-⟩ continue the cases of an older n-stem.^(EWN)^(Kroonen 2013) Old Dutch ⟨morgan⟩ comes from ⟨*murgana-⟩, with ⟨u⟩ lowered to ⟨o⟩ before the ⟨a⟩ of the next syllable, while the Middle Dutch and dialect forms with ⟨a⟩ and ⟨e⟩ led Van Wijk to posit a stem ⟨*margana-⟩ as well, a view Kern disputed.^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(WNT)

+

+ Outside Germanic the word is connected with [[sa|मर्क|tr=marká|t=eclipse of the sun]], [[lt|mérkti|t=to close the eyes]], [[cu|мракъ|tr=mrakŭ|t=darkness]] and [[ru|меркнуть|tr=mérknutʹ|t=to grow dark, dim]], from a root [[ine-pro|*merHk-|t=to flicker; to grow dark]], an extension of [[m|ine-pro|*mer-|t=to flicker, twinkle]].^(EWN)^(Kroonen 2013)^(De Vries 1971) The oldest sense is therefore taken to be “twilight”.^(EWN)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004) Franck–Van Wijk also weighed a root with ⟨g⟩, as in [[m|lt|mirgė́ti|t=to flicker]].^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)

+

+ The adverb “tomorrow” was at first a case form of the noun, the dative, used as an adverb of time: “in the morning” after the night meant the next day.^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(WNT) Other languages made the same step: [[m|got|𐌳𐌿 𐌼𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐌹𐌽𐌰|tr=du maurgina]], [[m|ang|tō morgene]] (whence [[m|en|tomorrow]]), and [[m|fr|demain]], built on [[m|la|māne|t=early in the morning]].^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) The old measure of land is the same word: it was the land that could be ploughed in one morning.^(EWN)^(VMNW)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) The English word [[m|en|morning]] took its ending from [[m|en|evening]], as Brabant ⟨morgend⟩ took its ⟨d⟩ from [[avond]].^(EWN)^(Vercoullie 1925)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old Dutch ''morgan'' “morning” is first found in the Wachtendonck Psalms of the 10th century, in ''an auont in an morgan'', “in the evening and in the morning”.^(EWN)^(ONW) The adverb “tomorrow” appears early in Middle Dutch, in a Limburg word list of 1240, and the land measure already in Old Dutch, in 1099.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001)^(ONW)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In 13th-century Middle Dutch the noun is common in phrases such as ''des morgens vroe'', “early in the morning”, and ''des avondes ende des morghens'', “evening and morning”, that is, always.^(EWN)^(VMNW) The genitive ''des morgens'' survives as ''’s morgens''.^(WNT)^(Van Dale 2014) A Middle Dutch dative form ''morne'' (1250) may still show the case behind the adverb.^(EWN) Today the noun means the part of the day up to noon, beside the more everyday [[ochtend]].^(EWN)^(Van Dale 2014)^(ANW)

+

+ The adverb at first meant the coming morning and then the whole next day.^(EWN)^(WNT) From the 16th century it stood for the near future in general, in ''vandaag of morgen'', “one of these days”.^(WNT) Ironic ''margen weerkomen!'', “come back tomorrow!”, said of what will never happen, is recorded in 1615 and found in Bredero, and the later ''morgen brengen!'' (“bring it tomorrow!”) dismisses something in the same way.^(WNT)^(Stoett 1923)

+

+ As a measure of land the ''morgen'' differed from region to region but was usually close to a hectare: the Rhineland morgen was about 0.85 hectare and for some time even an official standard.^(EWN)^(Van Berkel & Samplonius 2018) The word lives on in place names such as ''Zevenmorgen'', and Dutch settlers took it to America, where English [[m|en|morgen]] is a historical land measure.^(Van Berkel & Samplonius 2018)^(Van der Sijs 2010)

+

+ Dutch ''morgen'' “morning” and “tomorrow” passed into Afrikaans [[m|af|môre]], Negerhollands ''morg'', Berbice Creole Dutch ''moroko'' and Skepi Creole Dutch ''murg'', and the greeting ''morgen!'' “good morning” into Ambonese and Manado Malay and Sranan Tongo ''morgu''.^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 901–1000 – Old Dutch ''morgan'' “morning” in the Wachtendonck Psalms.^(EWN)^(ONW)

+ * 1099 – Old Dutch ''morgen'' as a measure of farmland.^(EWN)^(ONW)

+ * c. 1201 – Middle Dutch ''des andern morgenis'', “on the next morning”, in the Lower Rhine area.^(EWN)^(VMNW)

+ * 1240 – ''Morgen'' “tomorrow” in a Limburg word list.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * 1268 – ''Morghen'' as a land measure in the charters of the counts of Holland.^(VMNW)

+ * 1615 – ''Margen weerkomen!'', “come back tomorrow!”, said of what will never happen.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|morning]], the first part of the day, up to noon: ''op een koude morgen in maart''.^(Van Dale 2014)^(ANW)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(historical)'' A measure of farmland, roughly a hectare, the area that could be ploughed in a morning.^(EWN)^(VMNW)

+

+ ===Adverb===

+ # [[m|en|tomorrow]], on the day after today: ''morgen ga ik naar Utrecht''.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # In the near future, one day: ''vandaag of morgen''.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[morgenstond]]

+ * [[morgenrood]]

+ * [[morgengave]]

+ * [[morgenster]]

+ * [[gistermorgen]]

+ * [[morgenochtend]]

+ * [[overmorgen]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[ochtend]]

+ * [[en|morning]]

+ * [[de|Morgen]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''’s Morgens'' means “in the morning”, and ''goedemorgen'' or simply ''morgen!'' is the morning greeting.^(WNT) ''Morgen is er weer een dag'' consoles someone who has not managed something today, and ''ja, morgen brengen!'' means “that will never happen”.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Stoett 1923)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}