vijf Dutch · revision 37330

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=701–800, Old Dutch (Lex Salica glosses)|origins=gem-pro *fimf}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /vɛi̯f/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''vijf''' (cardinal numeral); as a noun ''de vijf'', plural ''vijven''^(Wiktionary)^(Van Dale 2014)

+ Older and poetic Dutch also has ''vijve'', used like ''tiene'' beside ''tien''.^(WNT) West Flemish, much of Zeeland and part of the South Holland islands have a rounded vowel, ''vuuf'' or ''vuve''.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|vijf]], [[inh|odt|fīf]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*fimf]], [[inh|gem-pro|*fimf|t=five]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)^(ONW) The same numeral is [[got|𐍆𐌹𐌼𐍆|tr=fimf]], [[non|fimm]], [[ang|fīf]] (modern [[en|five]]), [[ofs|fīf]], [[osx|fīf]] and [[goh|fimf]] (modern [[de|fünf]]).^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Kroonen 2013) It goes back to [[ine-pro|*pénkʷe|t=five]], which is also the source of [[la|quīnque]], [[grc|πέντε|tr=pénte]], [[sa|पञ्च|tr=páñca]] and [[lt|penkì]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)

+

+ From the Indo-European form one would expect Proto-Germanic ⟨*finhwe⟩.^(Kroonen 2013)^(EWN) The second ⟨f⟩ is explained as an assimilation to the first, after a labial and a resonant, the same sporadic change that turned /kʷ/ into /p/ and then /f/ in [[wolf]].^(Kroonen 2013)^(EWN)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) Dutch, Old Saxon, Old Frisian and Old English lost the /n/ before the voiceless fricative and lengthened the vowel, a North Sea Germanic change also seen in [[zacht]], so that Gothic and Old High German keep a nasal which Dutch lacks.^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) The long /iː/ was later diphthongised to the /ɛi/ written ⟨ij⟩.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old Dutch numerals may already be hidden in the badly corrupted glosses of the Lex Salica of the 8th century, which have forms read as “five” and “five hundred”.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001) The numeral is certain in place names of the 9th to 12th centuries, such as ''Finfluze'' in Frisia (819) and ''Uif gemete'' “Vijfgemeten” in West Flanders (1162), and in the Rhineland Reimbibel of 1151–1200, ''Ik haue uinf brôthere'', “I have five brothers”.^(ONW)^(EWN) Middle Dutch ''uíjf iaer'', “five years”, follows in 1220–40.^(EWN)^(VMNW)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Already in the 13th century ''vijf'' was used for an ordinal place in a series and in dates counted backwards from the Roman calends, as well as in compound numbers such as ''x. ende viue'', “fifteen”.^(VMNW) In late medieval Utrecht and Dordrecht ''die vive'' was the name of a board of five men, and a single member was called ''een vive''.^(MNW)

+

+ The noun ''de vijf'' is the figure 5 and a mark or a group of five.^(Van Dale 2014)^(WikiWoordenboek) In the 17th century ''gans vijven!'' was an oath, explained either as an extension of ''gans vier!'' “by God's fire”, with ''vier'' misread as the numeral, or as a reference to the five wounds of Christ.^(Van Sterkenburg 2001) The phrase ''veel vieren en vijven hebben'', “to make a lot of fuss, raise objections”, grew out of these exclamations.^(Stoett 1923) ''Vijfde colonne'', for an enemy's helpers inside a country, translates the Spanish phrase of a Francoist general in 1936.^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997)

+

+ The numeral passed into the Dutch creoles: Negerhollands ''fyf'', Berbice Dutch ''faifu'', Skepi Dutch ''faif'', and into Sranan Tongo as [[m|srn|feifi]].^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary) Afrikaans has [[m|af|vyf]].^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 701–800 – The Lex Salica glosses may contain the Old Dutch numeral.^(Van der Sijs 2001)^(EWN)

+ * 819 – The place name ''Finfluze'' is recorded in Frisia.^(ONW)

+ * 1151–1200 – ''Ik haue uinf brôthere'', “I have five brothers”, in the Reimbibel.^(ONW)^(EWN)

+ * 1220–1240 – Middle Dutch ''uíjf iaer'', “five years”.^(EWN)^(VMNW)

+ * 1240 – A Limburg glossary renders Latin ''quinque'' as ''uiue''.^(VMNW)

+ * 1460 – ''Vive'' is the title of a member of the Utrecht board of five.^(MNW)

+ * 1936 – The phrase ''vijfde colonne'' “fifth column” is coined in Spanish and soon translated into Dutch.^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Numeral===

+ # [[m|en|five]], the number one more than four: ''Ze heeft vijf kleinkinderen.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # the fifth in a series: ''hoofdstuk vijf''.^(Van Dale 2014)^(VMNW)

+

+ ===Noun===

+ # the figure 5; a mark of five out of ten: ''Hij haalde een vijf voor zijn proefwerk.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[vijftig]]

+ * [[vijftien]]

+ * [[vijfde]]

+ * [[vijfje]]

+ * [[vijfling]]

+ * [[vijfduizend]]

+ * [[vijfhoog]]

+ * [[vijfdelig]]

+ * [[vijfhoek]]

+ * [[vijfhoekig]]

+ * [[vijfjarig]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[vinger]]

+ * [[vuist]]

+ * [[en|five]]

+ * [[de|fünf]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Na veel vijven en zessen'' means “after much hesitation”, and ''geef me de vijf'' is a colloquial request for a handshake.^(Van Dale 2014) ''De schijf van vijf'' is the Dutch circle diagram of the five groups of a healthy diet.^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}