stad Dutch · revision 37329

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=857, Old Dutch (in a place name; copy of 961)|origins=gem-pro *stadiz}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /stɑt/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''stad''' ''f'' (plural steden, diminutive stadje n)^(Wiktionary)

+ Derivatives and the plural have the umlauted stem ''stede-'': ''steden'', ''stedelijk'', ''stedeling''.^(EWN)^(Wiktionary) The older form ''stede'', reduced to ''stee'', survives as a word for a place or a farmstead.^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|stat]], [[inh|odt|stat]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*stadi]], [[inh|gem-pro|*stadiz|t=place]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)^(Kroonen 2013) The same noun is [[got|𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍃|tr=staþs]], [[non|staðr]], [[ang|stede]] (modern [[en|stead]]), [[ofs|stede]], [[osx|stedi]] and [[goh|stat]], whose descendants are German [[m|de|Stadt]], [[m|de|statt]] and [[m|de|Stätte]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(Kroonen 2013) It is an action noun from the root of [[staan]], [[ine-pro|*sth₂-tí-|t=standing]], like [[la|statiō|t=a standing still, post]], [[grc|στάσις|tr=stásis|t=standing; uprising]] and [[sa|स्थिति|tr=sthíti|t=standing, state]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Kroonen 2013)

+

+ The regular Middle Dutch form was [[m|dum|stêde]], with umlaut caused by the old stem vowel ⟨-i⟩, and it was used mainly in the west.^(EWN)^(VMNW) The form ⟨stat⟩, without umlaut, was made on the model of the long-stemmed nouns of the same class, which had lost the ⟨-i⟩, and was mainly eastern; the two forms were mixed early.^(EWN)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(VMNW) The plural ⟨steden⟩ still has the umlaut, which is rare in Dutch.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ The meaning “town, city” was taken over from Middle High German [[m|gmh|stat]] in the 13th century, according to the EWN.^(EWN) De Vries and the EWN place the rise of the urban sense in Cologne, where around 1200 the word replaced the older [[burg]] and the somewhat later [[poort]] “(port) town”, in step with Medieval Latin, where ⟨villa⟩ replaced ⟨civitas⟩, and French, where ⟨ville⟩ replaced ⟨cité⟩.^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|363)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The oldest record is the West Flemish place name ''Hostede'', “high place”, now Hoogstade, in a document of 857 known from a copy of 961.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001) The Wachtendonck Psalms of the 10th century have ''Got an stede heilegoro sinro'', “God in his holy place”, and the Egmond Williram of about 1100 speaks of ''eyn stad, thar ther wassent arbusculę'', “a place where shrubs grow”.^(EWN)^(ONW) The sense “fortified place, town” first appears in the Rhineland Reimbibel of 1151–1200, ''Tho her quam zo there stat'', “when he came to the city”, of Jerusalem.^(EWN)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In Middle Dutch ''stat'' and ''stede'' meant “place, space” in the widest sense, also a person's position or office, and only gradually “town”.^(MNW)^(EWN)^(VMNW) A charter of 1279 says ''dat jc sette in mine stede'', “that I appoint in my place”, and the Rijmbijbel of 1285 says that ''Babylonie die stede'' had a circuit of sixty miles.^(EWN) The phrase ''iemands stad houden'', to take someone's place, gave ''stadhouder'' (1481), the deputy of a sovereign and later the title of the princes of Orange.^(EWN)^(WNT)

+

+ The sense “place” was still common around 1600, as in the phrase ''in de stad van'', “instead of”, and in ''stad grijpen'', “to take place, take effect”, but is now obsolete.^(WNT) It survives in [[bedstee]], in ''hofstede'' and in the phrases ''hier ter stede'', “in this town or place”, and ''in stede van'', “instead of”.^(EWN) The proverb ''het kan beter van de stad dan van het dorp'' says that the richer party should bear a cost.^(Stoett 1923)

+

+ In Suriname ''de stad'' is Paramaribo, the only town of the country.^(Van Donselaar 1989) The word was taken into English as the obsolete ''stade'' “chief town”, into Swedish, and into the Dutch creoles and Papiamentu as [[m|pap|stat]];^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary) South African English ''stat'' “a black settlement” came through Afrikaans.^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 857 – The place name ''Hostede'' “high place” is recorded (copy of 961).^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * 901–1000 – The Wachtendonck Psalms have ''stede'' “place”.^(EWN)^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997)

+ * c. 1100 – The Egmond Williram has ''stad'' in the sense “place”.^(ONW)^(EWN)

+ * 1151–1200 – The Reimbibel uses ''stat'' of the city of Jerusalem.^(EWN)

+ * c. 1200 – ''Stat, stede'' begins to replace ''burg'' and ''poort'' as the word for a town.^(EWN)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|363)

+ * 1481 – ''Stadhouder'' “deputy of the sovereign” is first recorded.^(EWN)

+ * 1624 – ''Stad grijpen'' “to take place” is still in use.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # a [[m|en|city]] or [[m|en|town]], a large place with a centre and continuous building, divided into streets and districts: ''Ze verhuisden van het platteland naar de stad.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(ANW)^(Wiktionary)

+ # the centre of a town, where the shops are: ''We gaan zaterdag de stad in.''^(Wiktionary)

+ # the inhabitants or the government of a town: ''De stad betaalt de nieuwe brug.''^(WikiWoordenboek)^(WNT)

+ # ''(Suriname)'' Paramaribo.^(Van Donselaar 1989)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[stadhouder]]

+ * [[benedenstad]]

+ * [[binnenstad]]

+ * [[bovenstad]]

+ * [[Domstad]]

+ * [[grootsteeds]]

+ * [[handelsstad]]

+ * [[havenstad]]

+ * [[Hofstad]]

+ * [[hoofdstad]]

+ * [[kleinsteeds]]

+ * [[koopstad]]

+ * [[miljoenenstad]]

+ * [[stedelijk]]

+ * [[stedeling]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[staan]]

+ * [[stede]]

+ * [[bedstee]]

+ * [[station]]

+ * [[en|stead]]

+ * [[de|Stadt]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Fixed names include ''de Eeuwige Stad'', Rome, and ''de glazen stad'', the Westland with its many greenhouses.^(Van Dale 2014) Some compounds still show the old sense “place”, such as ''stadhouder'' “deputy, someone who holds another's place”.^(EWN)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}