hulp Dutch · revision 37324

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=901–1000, Wachtendonck Psalms|origins=gem-pro *hulpō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ɦʏlp/, [ɦʏɫp]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''hulp''' ''f'' (plural hulpen, diminutive hulpje n)^(Wiktionary)

+ In the sense “helper” it can also be masculine.^(WNT)^(Wiktionary) Older Dutch also had ''helpe'' and ''help''.^(WNT)^(MNW)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|hulpe]], [[inh|odt|hulpa]], [[inh|gem-pro|*hulpō|t=help]], a noun formed from the root of [[helpen]] in its zero grade.^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Wiktionary) The same form is [[gml|hulpe]] and [[goh|hulpa]] (Middle High German [[m|gmh|hülfe]], now an archaic German form).^(EWN)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) Beside it there was a form in the full grade, [[gem-pro|*helpō]], which is [[m|odt|helpa]] (about 1100), Middle Dutch [[m|dum|helpe]], [[osx|helpa]], [[goh|helfa]] (modern [[de|Hilfe]]), [[ofs|hēlpe]], [[ang|help]] (modern [[en|help]]) and [[non|hjǫlp]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)

+

+ In the 13th century ⟨helpe⟩ and ⟨hulpe⟩ were about equally common, without a clear regional division, but ⟨helpe⟩ was already losing ground during the Middle Dutch period.^(EWN)^(VMNW) The MNW also considered that ⟨hulpe⟩ might have arisen from ⟨helpe⟩, as ⟨hun⟩ beside ⟨hen⟩.^(MNW)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The Wachtendonck Psalms of the 10th century have ''Gif unsig hulpa fan arbeide'', “give us help in trouble”, and ''got hulpon minro'', “God of my help”.^(ONW)^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001) The oldest Middle Dutch record, of about 1200 in Limburg, has the form ''helpen''; a Limburg glossary of 1240 renders Latin ''suffragium'' as ''holpe''.^(VMNW)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In Middle Dutch the word appeared in many prepositional phrases: ''in enes hulpe comen'', to come to someone's help (1254), ''in enes hulpe sijn'', to help someone, and ''te hulpen'' “for the benefit of”.^(VMNW)^(MNW) In law it could mean supporting evidence from aldermen or witnesses.^(MNW) As a cry for aid, ''hulpe!'' is recorded about 1301.^(MNW)

+

+ From the 16th century the WNT records the familiar phrases: ''om hulp roepen'' (1646), ''iemand te hulp komen'' (1642) and ''met hulp van'' (1611).^(WNT) The sense “helper, assistant”, a person who helps in a job, came later, and ''hulp'' is also a tool or aid, and in riding the signal by which the rider tells the horse what to do.^(WNT)^(Van Dale 2014)^(ANW) In Limburg ''help'' or ''hulp'' is a pair of braces, short for ''helpzeel''.^(Debrabandere 2011)

+

+ Negerhollands had ''help'', and Javanese took [[m|jv|hèlep]] in the sense of an assistant clerk.^(Van der Sijs 2010)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 901–1000 – ''Gif unsig hulpa'' in the Wachtendonck Psalms.^(ONW)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * c. 1100 – The full-grade form ''helpa'' in the Egmond Williram.^(EWN)

+ * c. 1200 – First Middle Dutch record, ''helpen'', in Limburg.^(VMNW)

+ * 1254 – ''In des hus soekers helpe comen'', to come to someone's aid, in Middelburg.^(VMNW)

+ * 1526 – The modern spelling ''hulpe'' in the WNT's first quotation.^(WNT)

+ * 1646 – ''Om help roepen'', to call for help.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|help]], [[m|en|assistance]], support given to someone who needs it: ''Zonder jouw hulp was het nooit gelukt.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(ANW)^(Wiktionary)

+ # a helper or assistant, especially paid domestic help: ''Ze heeft twee ochtenden per week een hulp.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(ANW)^(Wiktionary)

+ # an aid, something that helps reach a goal.^(Van Dale 2014)^(ANW)

+ # ''(riding)'' an aid, a signal by which the rider tells the horse what to do.^(Van Dale 2014)^(ANW)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[behulpzaam]]

+ * [[hulpbehoevend]]

+ * [[hulpdienst]]

+ * [[hulpeloos]]

+ * [[hulpmiddel]]

+ * [[hulptroepen]]

+ * [[hulpvaardig]]

+ * [[hulpverlener]]

+ * [[noodhulp]]

+ * [[hulpbron]]

+ * [[hulpbetoon]]

+ * [[hulpkreet]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[helpen]]

+ * [[behelpen]]

+ * [[en|help]]

+ * [[de|Hilfe]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Eerste hulp bij ongelukken'' (EHBO) is first aid, and ''humanitaire hulp'' aid given directly to a population.^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}