zoon Dutch · revision 37319

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=791, Old Dutch (Utrecht baptismal vow)|origins=ine-pro *suHnús}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /zoːn/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''zoon''' ''m'' (plural zoons or zonen, diminutive zoontje n)^(Wiktionary)

+ The dialect form ''zeun'', with a fronted vowel, is widespread;^(De Vries 1971)^(Van Haeringen 1936)^(WNT) ''zoon'' prevails in and around the towns of Holland and in the south-east.^(De Vries 1971)^(Van Haeringen 1936)^(WNT) In the 16th century the form ''zone'' still prevailed.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|sōne]], [[inh|odt|suno]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*sunu]], [[inh|gem-pro|*sunuz|t=son]], [[inh|ine-pro|*suHnús|t=son]].^(Wiktionary)^(EWN)^(Kroonen 2013) The same word is [[osx|sunu]], [[goh|sunu]] (modern [[de|Sohn]]), [[ofs|sunu]], [[ang|sunu]] (modern [[en|son]]), [[non|sunr]] and [[got|𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌿𐍃|tr=sunus]].^(EWN)^(Kroonen 2013)^(Orel 2003) West Frisian [[m|fy|soan]] is a loan from Dutch.^(EWN)

+

+ Outside Germanic it is [[sa|सूनु|tr=sūnú]], [[ae|hunu-]], [[lt|sūnùs]] and [[cu|сынъ|tr=synŭ]], from [[ine-pro|*suH-nu-]]; with another suffix, [[ine-pro|*suH-iu-]] gave [[grc|υἱός|tr=huiós]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) Taking the meaning to be “one who is born”, the EWN derives both from a root [[ine-pro|*sewH-|t=to give birth]], which survives as a verb only in Iranian.^(EWN) De Vries compares [[m|sa|सूते|tr=sū́te|t=gives birth]].^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) In Germanic the long /uː/ before the accent was regularly shortened.^(EWN)^(Orel 2003)

+

+ De Vries explains the dialect form ⟨zeun⟩ by umlaut from the plural, as in English and Norse;^(De Vries 1971)^(Van Haeringen 1936) Van Haeringen doubts that this explains it everywhere.^(De Vries 1971)^(Van Haeringen 1936)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The oldest record is the Utrecht baptismal vow of the late 8th century: ''gelobistu in crist godes suno?'' “do you believe in Christ, God's son?”^(EWN)^(ONW)^(Van der Sijs 2001) The Wachtendonck Psalms of the 10th century have ''sun min bis thu'', “you are my son”, and Middle Dutch ''sone'' is first found in Ghent in 1237.^(EWN)^(ONW)^(VMNW)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The meaning has stayed the same throughout, a male child in relation to his parents.^(EWN)^(WNT) Already in Old Dutch the word named Christ as the Son of God, a use that follows Latin ''filius'', and was used figuratively of a spiritual heir.^(ONW)^(Van der Sijs 2005) In medieval charters ''zoen'' after the father's name served as a patronymic, as in ''Jan Jans zoen'' (1500).^(WNT) An adopted son was ''een aenghenomen, oft vercoren zone'' in 1544.^(WNT)

+

+ Modern Dutch also uses the word for a man seen as the heir of a predecessor or an age, for a son of a nation or a town, for the male offspring of an animal, especially a horse, and as a priest's form of address.^(ANW) The diminutive ''zoontje'' could be ironic, of a spoilt son (1784).^(WNT)

+

+ Afrikaans has [[m|af|seun]], and the word was taken into Negerhollands as ''soon''.^(Wiktionary)^(Van der Sijs 2010)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 791 – ''Godes suno'' “God's son” in the Utrecht baptismal vow.^(EWN)^(ONW)

+ * 10th century – The Wachtendonck Psalms have ''sun min bis thu''.^(EWN)^(ONW)

+ * 1237 – Middle Dutch ''sone'' in a charter from Ghent.^(VMNW)^(EWN)

+ * 1500 – ''Jan Jans zoen'' as a patronymic.^(WNT)

+ * 1544 – ''Een aenghenomen, oft vercoren zone'', an adopted son.^(WNT)

+ * 1784 – Ironic ''Zoontje'', a spoilt son.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|son]], a male child in relation to his parents: ''Hun jongste zoon studeert in Gent.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(ANW)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A man seen as the spiritual [[erfgenaam|alt=heir]] of a predecessor or of an age.^(ANW)

+ # A man belonging to a nation, an institution or a town: a son of the city.^(ANW)

+ # The male [[nakomeling|alt=offspring]] of an animal, especially a horse.^(ANW)

+ # Used by a priest to address a man or boy in his care.^(ANW)

+ # ''(de Zoon)'' Christ, the Son of God.^(Van Dale 2014)^(ONW)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[kleinzoon]]

+ * [[schoonzoon]]

+ * [[stiefzoon]]

+ * [[bastaardzoon]]

+ * [[boerenzoon]]

+ * [[zoonlief]]

+ * [[zoonschap]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[en|son]]

+ * [[de|Sohn]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ The plural is ''zonen'' or ''zoons''.^(Wiktionary)^(WNT) ''Van vader op zoon'' means from generation to generation, and ''de Zoon des Mensen'' is Christ.^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}