stoppen Dutch · revision 37314

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=inherited|attested=901–1000, Wachtendonck Psalms|origins=gmw-pro *stoppōn}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈstɔpə(n)/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''stoppen'''^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|stoppen]], [[inh|odt|stuppon|t=to stop up]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*stoppōn]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)^(Köbler ANFRK)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004) Middle Dutch also had a form ⟨stopen⟩.^(EWN)^(VMNW) The same verb is [[gml|stoppen]], [[goh|stopfōn]] (modern [[de|stopfen|t=to stuff, plug]]), [[ofs|stoppia]] and [[ang|forstoppian|t=to stop up]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)

+

+ Its origin has long been argued over.^(EWN)^(WNT) Some took it as a loan of [[la-vul|stuppō|t=to stop up with tow]], from [[la|stuppa|t=tow]], itself from [[grc|στύπη|tr=stúppē]].^(EWN)^(WNT)^(MNW) Franck and Van Wijk rejected this because Old High German ⟨stopfōn⟩ meant “to stab, poke”, not “to plug”.^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(WNT) The Philippa dictionary describes the view that has emerged between them: a native verb meaning “to poke, thrust”, of the family of [[stoten]], was influenced by the Latin verb in the Lower Rhine area.^(EWN) This happened after the 7th century, since the Old High German forms with ⟨pp⟩ show no High German sound shift.^(EWN) Trade and seafaring then carried the word along the southern North Sea coast.^(EWN) The native verb is related to [[la|stupeō|t=to be stunned, stand still]], [[grc|τύπτω|tr=túptō|t=to strike]] and [[sa|तुपति|tr=tupáti|t=he strikes]], from [[ine-pro|*(s)tewp-]], an extension of [[m|ine-pro|*(s)tew-|t=to push, strike]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971) Its /pp/ probably goes back to *-bʰn- in present forms (Kluge's law).^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)

+

+ The sense “to halt” developed in Middle Dutch and Middle Low German from “to plug” through “to stanch a flow”.^(EWN)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004) The noun [[stop]] is formed from the verb.^(EWN)^(ANW)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The Wachtendonck Psalms of the 10th century speak of an adder ''stuppendero oron iro'', “stopping her ears”.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001) In Middle Dutch the verb is first recorded in Brabant in 1265–70, where a woman holds a wound closed with her hand: ''Mar so si stopde meer die wonde met harre hant''.^(EWN)^(VMNW) In 1286 the town accounts of Bruges pay for stopping holes in a sluice, with the form ''stopen''.^(VMNW)^(EWN)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ A medical text of 1287 uses the verb for stanching blood, for bringing something to a halt and, intransitively, for coming to a stop.^(EWN)^(VMNW) This sense spread through Hanseatic shipping, and the 19th century, with its steamships, trains and cars, made it far more common;^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001)^(Van der Sijs 2005) English special uses such as a train stopping at a station then came into Dutch, and Dutch ''stoppen'' for vehicles is dated to 1849.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001)^(Van der Sijs 2005) The sense “to put, tuck away” is found in the 15th century, and darning a hole in a stocking is another old use.^(EWN)^(WNT)

+

+ ''Een gat stoppen'', “to stop a hole”, also means “to pay off a debt”: Winschoten (1681) explains ''Dat gat is niet te stoppen'' as debts that cannot be paid.^(Stoett 1923) Dutch or Low German gave Danish ''stoppe'', Swedish ''stoppa'' and Russian ''štopatʹ'' “to darn”, and Indonesian ''setop'', Sranan ''stop'' and Papiamentu ''stòp'' “to halt”.^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 901–1000 – Old Dutch ''stuppon'' “to stop up” in the Wachtendonck Psalms.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * 1265–70 – Middle Dutch ''stoppen'' “to hold closed”.^(EWN)^(VMNW)

+ * 1286 – ''Stopen'' “to stop up holes” in Bruges accounts.^(VMNW)

+ * 1287 – “To stanch, bring to a halt” and “to come to a stop”.^(EWN)^(VMNW)

+ * 15th century – “To put into”.^(EWN)

+ * 1681 – ''Dat gat is niet te stoppen'' of debts in Winschoten.^(Stoett 1923)

+ * 1849 – ''Stoppen'' of a vehicle coming to a halt.^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # (intransitive) To [[m|en|stop]], come to a halt: ''de bus stopt hier niet''.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # (intransitive) To stop, give up, usually with ''met'': ''zij is vorig jaar met roken gestopt''.^(Van Dale 2014)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # (transitive) To [[m|en|darn]] a hole in a fabric: ''een sok stoppen''.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # (transitive) To slow the working of the bowels.^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # (transitive) To [[m|en|plug]], fill an opening: ''een lek in de boot stoppen''.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # (transitive) To put, tuck away: ''hij stopte het briefje in zijn zak''.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # (transitive) To bring to a halt: ''de scheidsrechter stopte de wedstrijd''.^(Van Dale 2014)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[stop]]

+ * [[instoppen]]

+ * [[stopbord]]

+ * [[stopcontact]]

+ * [[stopverbod]]

+ * [[stopwoord]]

+ * [[wegstoppen]]

+ * [[bestoppen]]

+ * [[ontstoppen]]

+ * [[stopper]]

+ * [[stopsel]]

+ * [[verstoppen]]

+ * [[afstoppen]]

+ * [[onderstoppen]]

+ * [[stopkraan]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[stoten]]

+ * [[de|stopfen]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Het ene gat met het andere stoppen'' is borrowing money to pay off a debt.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Stoett 1923) ''Iets in de doofpot stoppen'' is hushing a matter up.^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}