vroeg Dutch · revision 37304

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=901–1000, Wachtendonck Psalms|origins=ine-pro *proh₁-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /vrux/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''vroeg''' (comparative vroeger, superlative vroegst)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|vroech]], beside the older [[m|dum|vroe]], [[inh|odt|fruo]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*frō|t=early]], [[inh|gem-pro|*frō]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)^(ONW)^(Kroonen 2013) The same word is [[gml|vrō]] and [[goh|fruo]], an adverb beside the adjective [[m|goh|fruoji]] (modern [[de|früh]]).^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Kroonen 2013)

+

+ Outside Germanic it matches [[grc|πρωΐ|tr=prōḯ|t=early in the morning]] and [[sa|प्रातर्|tr=prātár|t=early]], from [[ine-pro|*proh₁-]], an instrumental form of [[m|ine-pro|*pro|t=forward, before]], which is also the source of [[la|prō]] and of the Dutch prefix [[ver-]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Wiktionary) The Germanic word for “before”, the source of [[voor]], fits in meaning but is not thought to be related.^(EWN)

+

+ Middle Dutch had both ⟨vroe⟩ and ⟨vroech⟩; at first the difference was regional: in the 13th century the form with a velar was found only in Brabant and Limburg, but it gradually replaced the regular ⟨vroe⟩, which survives only in dialects.^(EWN) Some explain the final consonant from a glide /j/ in an inflected adjective like [[m|goh|fruoji]], but Franck–Van Wijk object that both Middle Dutch forms were only adverbs, which were not inflected.^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(EWN) De Vries thinks the objection less certain, pointing to the Greek adjective [[m|grc|πρώϊος|tr=prṓïos]].^(De Vries 1971) The Etymologisch woordenboek van het Nederlands suggests hypercorrection after pairs such as [[m|dum|hoo]] beside [[m|dum|hooch]] “high”.^(EWN) [[vreugde]] shows the same puzzling ⟨g⟩.^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(De Vries 1971)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ In a 10th-century gloss from the southern Lower Rhine ''fruo'' renders Latin ''mane'' “in the morning”.^(ONW)^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997) Around 1100 a paraphrase of the Song of Songs from Egmond says ''stewir fruo uph ze then wingardon'', “let us rise early to go to the vineyards”.^(ONW)^(EWN) The first Middle Dutch record, about 1200 in Limburg, is ''vru ende spade'', “early and late”, that is “always”.^(EWN)^(VMNW)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Middle Dutch used the word as an adverb meaning “early in the day”, “at a young age” and “soon”, often paired with ''spade'' “late”: ''vroech ende spade'' meant “always” and ''noch vroech noch spade'' “never”.^(VMNW) Franck–Van Wijk regard the adverb as the older use; an adjective is recorded in a proverb of 1550, ''vroe engelkens worden jonge duvelkens'', “early angels become young devils”.^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(MNW) Pluim describes the meaning as first the front part of the day, the morning, and later “before the set time”.^(Pluim 1911)

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+ Early rising runs through the proverbs: ''hij moet vroeg opstaan die God bedriegen zal'', “he must rise early who would deceive God”, that is it is not easily done (1552), and ''die den naam heeft van vroeg op te staan, mag wel lang slapen'', said of someone with a good name whose faults go unnoticed (1606).^(WNT)^(Stoett 1923) Modern phrases include ''vroeg of laat'' “sooner or later”, ''te vroeg juichen'' “to cheer too soon” and ''vroeg rijp, vroeg rot'', said of children who grow up too fast.^(Van Dale 2014) The comparative [[vroeger]] became an adverb meaning “formerly”.^(WNT)

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+ The word travelled to the colonies: Sranan Tongo has ''fruku'' (older ''frugu''), Negerhollands had ''vroe'', ''fru'' and ''vrue'', Berbice Dutch ''fruku'', Papiamentu ''vruvru'' “very early”, and Manado Malay ''frug''.^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 901–1000 – Old Dutch ''fruo'' glosses Latin ''mane'' “in the morning”.^(ONW)^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997)

+ * c. 1100 – ''Stewir fruo uph'' “let us rise early” in a text from Egmond.^(ONW)^(EWN)

+ * c. 1200 – ''Vru ende spade'' “always” in Limburg.^(EWN)^(VMNW)

+ * 1240 – ''Uruch'' glosses Latin ''mane'' in a Limburg word list.^(VMNW)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * 1265–1270 – ''Vroech'' in Brabant.^(EWN)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|421)

+ * 1503 – ''Vrouch opstaen'' “to rise early”.^(WNT)

+ * 1550 – Adjective use in ''vroe engelkens'' “early angels”.^(MNW)

+ * 1552 – ''Hy muet vruech up staen de god bedrieghen sal''.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # [[m|en|early]], at or near the beginning of a period, especially of the day: ''Ze staat elke dag vroeg op.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # Earlier than expected or than usual: ''De bus was vijf minuten te vroeg.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # Belonging to the first part of a period: ''het vroege werk van de schilder''.^(WikiWoordenboek)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[vervroegen]]

+ * [[vroeger]]

+ * [[vroegte]]

+ * [[vroegbloeiend]]

+ * [[vroeggeboorte]]

+ * [[vroegrijp]]

+ * [[vroegwijs]]

+ * [[vroegchristelijk]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[ver-]]

+ * [[de|früh]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Saxon dialects and the Zaan dialect have a form with a short vowel.^(Van Haeringen 1936) Verdam records Overijssel ''vrogge'' and Gelderland ''vrog'' in ''vrogjaar'' “spring”.^(MNW) The older ''vroe'' lives on in dialects.^(EWN)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}