hoofd Dutch · revision 37302

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=901–1000, Wachtendonck Psalms|origins=gem-pro *haubudą}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ɦoːft/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''hoofd''' ''n'' (plural hoofden, diminutive hoofdje n)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|hovet]], [[inh|odt|hōvit]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*haubid]], [[inh|gem-pro|*haubudą|t=head]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)^(ONW) Middle Dutch ⟨hovet⟩ also became ⟨hooft⟩ by syncope and assimilation, recorded from 1285, and in Early Modern Dutch ⟨hooft⟩ was the general form.^(EWN) A form ⟨hoot⟩ or ⟨hood⟩ is still heard in dialects of Zeeland, Holland, Brabant and Flanders.^(MNW)^(WNT)

+

+ The Germanic forms go back to three stems.^(EWN) [[osx|hōƀid]], [[goh|houbit]] (modern [[de|Haupt]]), [[ofs|hāved]] and [[got|𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌸|tr=haubiþ]] have a suffix with /i/; [[ang|hēafod]] (modern [[en|head]]) and [[non|haufuð]] have one with /u/; and [[m|ang|hafud]] and [[m|non|hǫfuð]] (modern [[sv|huvud]]) have a root without /u/.^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Kroonen 2013)

+

+ The only certain relative outside Germanic is [[la|caput|t=head]], the source of [[kaap]].^(EWN)^(Kroonen 2013) The diphthong of most Germanic forms is unexplained: Franck–Van Wijk put it down to the influence of some other word, perhaps one related to [[hoop]] or [[huif]], which De Vries finds unlikely.^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(De Vries 1971) Kroonen derives the word from [[ine-pro|*kh₂p-ut-]] and explains the diphthong by metathesis in an old paradigm, nominative [[m|gem-pro|*hafuþ]] and genitive [[m|gem-pro|*habweþaz]].^(Kroonen 2013)^(Wiktionary) The Etymologisch woordenboek van het Nederlands, on the other hand, finds all Indo-European etymologies unconvincing: the vowel /a/, the alternation of /a/ and /au/, the two suffixes, the narrow spread and the meaning, a body part, suggest a loan from a pre-Indo-European language.^(EWN) Kroonen considers such a loan unlikely because of the old paradigm.^(Kroonen 2013) The Indo-European word for “head” survives in [[hersenen]].^(EWN)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ In the Wachtendonck Psalms of the 10th century God says that Ephraim is the strength of ''houidis minis'', “my head”, and the psalmist complains ''gesattos man ouir houit unsa'', “you set men over our heads”.^(ONW)^(EWN) The Rhineland rhymed Bible (1151–1200) tells how they struck off ''paulo that houuet'', Paul's head.^(ONW) The word is a byname in ''Balduinus Houete'' (1176) and part of a place name, the wood ''Swinshouet'' “swine's head” near Sint-Antelinks (1187).^(ONW)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Most of the figurative senses were already in use in 13th-century Middle Dutch.^(EWN) The Vroegmiddelnederlands Woordenboek records “head end”, “end”, “pier”, “higher court”, “source”, “leader” and “capital city”, and the sense “leader” is dated to 1285.^(VMNW)^(Van der Sijs 2001) The head was also the seat of thought and feeling: ''alsmen den dranc heeft int hoot'', “when one has the drink in one's head” (1373).^(MNW) Middle and Early Modern Dutch used ''hoofd'' for animals too, but [[kop]] took that over, except sometimes for horses.^(EWN)

+

+ In 1681 Winschoten explained that a dam, dyke or quay built against the sea or a river was called a ''hoofd'' because the head stands firm against hardship.^(Winschoten 1681) People swore ''bi dijns selfs hoefde'', “by your own head”, in Early Middle Dutch, and ''bij Gods hoofd'' later became a curse, found in the disguised forms ''bij gans hoy'' and ''bij gans hoofd''.^(Van Sterkenburg 2001) Proverbs include ''iemand de hand boven het hoofd houden'' “to protect someone”, ''de man is het hoofd'', from Ephesians, and ''iemand de oren van het hoofd eten'' “to eat someone out of house and home”, found in Bredero.^(Stoett 1923) The slang sense “oral sex” is a semantic loan from [[m|en|head]].^(Wiktionary)

+

+ Dutch ''hoofd'' passed into Danish as ''høfde'' “breakwater” and into German as ''Hoofden'', the eastern half of the Strait of Dover;^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary) Indonesian once had ''hop'' “foreman, chief”, and Negerhollands had ''hoofd''.^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 901–1000 – ''Houit'' in the Wachtendonck Psalms.^(ONW)^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * 1151–1200 – ''That houuet aua slan'' “to strike off the head”.^(ONW)

+ * 1176 – The byname ''Balduinus Houete''.^(ONW)

+ * 1187 – The place name ''Swinshouet''.^(ONW)

+ * 1236 – Middle Dutch ''hovet'' in Ghent.^(VMNW)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|168)

+ * 1285 – The sense “leader”, and the form ''hooft''.^(Van der Sijs 2001)^(EWN)

+ * 1681 – Winschoten explains ''hoofd'' “dam, pier”.^(Winschoten 1681)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # The [[m|en|head]], the upper part of the body joined to the trunk by the neck: ''Ze schudde haar hoofd.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # The head as the seat of thought and will;^(Van Dale 2014) ''uit het blote hoofd'' “from memory”.^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # The front or top part of something: ''aan het hoofd van de stoet''.^(Van Dale 2014)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # A person in charge, [[m|en|chief]]: ''het hoofd van de afdeling''.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # A [[m|en|pier]] or breakwater built at right angles to a shore or riverbank.^(Wiktionary)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # ''(linguistics)'' The head word of a phrase.^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # ''(slang, uncountable)'' Oral sex.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[onthoofden]]

+ * [[hoofdelijk]]

+ * [[hoofdeloos]]

+ * [[blootshoofds]]

+ * [[eenhoofdig]]

+ * [[stijfhoofdig]]

+ * [[okshoofd]]

+ * [[hoofdpijn]]

+ * [[hoofdstad]]

+ * [[hoofdzaak]]

+ * [[hoofddoek]]

+ * [[hoofdkussen]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[kaap]]

+ * [[hersenen]]

+ * [[en|head]]

+ * [[de|Haupt]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Iemand het hoofd bieden'' means “to stand up to someone” and ''aan het hoofd staan van'' “to lead”.^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}