open Dutch · revision 37301

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=c. 1100, Old Dutch (Egmond)|origins=gem-pro *upanaz}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈoː.pə(n)/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''open''' (comparative opener, superlative openst)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|open]], [[inh|odt|opan]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*opan]], [[inh|gem-pro|*upanaz|alt=*upana-|t=open]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)^(De Vries 1971) The same word is [[osx|opan]], [[goh|offan]] (modern [[de|offen]]), [[ang|open]] (modern [[en|open]]) and [[non|opinn]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) Beside it stood a form with a different suffix vowel, ⟨*upina-⟩, which gave with umlaut [[ofs|epen]] (modern [[fy|iepen]]) and [[sv|öppen]], and dialect forms in Drenthe and Overijssel.^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Van Haeringen 1936)

+

+ The adjective is derived from [[op]].^(EWN)^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997)^(De Vries 1971) Its ending is that of a strong past participle, so it may be the participle of a verb that has otherwise left no trace.^(Orel 2003)^(WNT)^(Wiktionary) The first meaning was probably “lying on top, uncovered”, a development like that of [[de|auf|t=up, on]] in [[m|de|aufmachen|t=to open]] and [[m|de|aufdecken|t=to uncover]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|273) Vercoullie compared [[la|supīnus|t=lying on the back]], which is formed in a similar way.^(Vercoullie 1925)

+

+ The 17th-century spelling ⟨ope⟩, used by Hooft and Vondel, imitated the pronunciation of Holland.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The Old Dutch adjective appears around 1100 in a text from Egmond, which says that the knowledge of truth in Holy Scripture is ''also ophan'' as a flowing spring, because it is easy to understand.^(ONW) In Middle Dutch it is found in a Limburg word list of about 1240, where ''open'' glosses Latin ''patulus'' “standing open”.^(EWN)^(VMNW)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Middle Dutch used the word of doors and gates, as in a West Flemish text of 1285 in which the east gate ''stont open'' “stood open”, of wounds, and of water that was not frozen and could be sailed.^(VMNW)^(MNW) It also meant “accessible”: an ''open huus'' (1290) was a fortified house that the overlord had the right to enter and garrison at any time.^(VMNW)^(MNW)

+

+ From “not closed” the word passed to “not hidden”, “frank” and “not yet decided”: an ''open vraag'' is a question that has not been settled.^(Stoett 1923)^(Van Dale 2014) In the 17th century the adjective could be used as a noun, ''het open'' “an opening, a way out”, but by the 19th century this survived only as an archaism.^(WNT) Education took it up in the 1970s: the ''open school'' for adults dates from 1974, and the ''Open Universiteit'' was planned from 1973.^(Reinsma 1984) In sport ''de open'' is now an open championship.^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ Danish ''åben sø'' and Norwegian ''åpen sjø'' “open sea” follow the Dutch phrase.^(Van der Sijs 2010) Negerhollands had ''open'' and ''hopo'', which passed into Virgin Islands Creole, and Sranan Tongo ''opo'' comes from Dutch or English; in Jakarta Malay ''opèn'' means “attentive, approachable”.^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 1100 – Old Dutch ''ophan'' “open, accessible” in a text from Egmond.^(ONW)

+ * c. 1240 – Middle Dutch ''open'' glosses Latin ''patulus'' in Limburg.^(EWN)^(VMNW)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * 1285 – The east gate ''stont open'' in a West Flemish text.^(VMNW)

+ * 1290 – An ''open huus'', a castle open to its lord.^(VMNW)

+ * 1598 – The noun ''open'' “way out” in a report of a voyage through the ice.^(WNT)

+ * 1974 – The ''open school'' for adult education.^(Reinsma 1984)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # [[m|en|open]], not closed or shut: ''Laat het raam maar open.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Open to everyone, [[m|en|accessible]]; of a shop or business, open for customers: ''De bakker is op zondag open.'' A ''open dag'' is a day when the public may visit an institution.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Uncovered; [[m|en|frank]], not hiding anything: ''open kaart spelen'' “to put one's cards on the table”.^(Van Dale 2014)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # Not yet filled in or decided: ''een open einde'' “an open ending”.^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # Not occupied, free: ''een open doel'' “an empty goal”.^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ ===Noun===

+ # ''(de open, sport)'' An open [[m|en|championship]].^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[openbaar]]

+ * [[openen]]

+ * [[openbaren]]

+ * [[openbarsten]]

+ * [[openbreken]]

+ * [[opener]]

+ * [[opengaan]]

+ * [[openhartig]]

+ * [[openheid]]

+ * [[openhouden]]

+ * [[opening]]

+ * [[openlaten]]

+ * [[openlijk]]

+ * [[openlucht]]

+ * [[openstaan]]

+ * [[ope]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[op]]

+ * [[en|open]]

+ * [[de|offen]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Iemand met open armen ontvangen'' “to welcome someone with open arms” is found in Hooft in the 17th century, and German, English and French have the same phrase.^(Stoett 1923) In North Holland ''uit een open reden'' meant “for no particular reason”.^(Stoett 1923)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}