slapen Dutch · revision 37299

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=901–1000, Wachtendonck Psalms|origins=gem-pro *slēpaną}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈslaː.pə(n)/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''slapen'''^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|slâpen]], [[inh|odt|slāpan]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*slāpan]], [[inh|gem-pro|*slēpaną|alt=*slēpan-|t=to sleep]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)^(Kroonen 2013) The same verb is [[osx|slāpan]], [[goh|slāfan]] (modern [[de|schlafen]]), [[ofs|slēpa]] (modern [[fy|sliepe]]), [[ang|slǣpan]] (modern [[en|sleep]]) and [[got|𐍃𐌻𐌴𐍀𐌰𐌽|tr=slēpan]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Kroonen 2013) The noun [[slaap]] “sleep” (Middle Dutch ⟨slaep⟩, 1240) is derived from the verb, like [[m|got|𐍃𐌻𐌴𐍀𐍃|tr=slēps]]; the temple of the head, which has the same name, is said to be named after the side of the head one lies on.^(EWN)

+

+ The verb is probably an old derivative of the root of [[slap]] “slack”, so that sleeping was first “being slack, inactive”.^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|342) Kroonen relates it to the verb ⟨*slapp-, *slabōn-⟩ “to be slack”, which has cognates in Balto-Slavic words for “weak” such as [[cu|слабъ|tr=slabŭ]] and [[lt|slābnas]], while Wiktionary calls the connection with the adjective possible but the origin unclear.^(Kroonen 2013)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ In West and East Germanic this verb replaced the Indo-European word for “sleep”, which survives in the stem ⟨*swef-⟩ of [[sv|sova]] and [[ang|swefan]], with isolated traces in Old Dutch and Old Saxon; see [[hypnose]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The Wachtendonck Psalms of the 10th century have ''Ik sclip'' “I slept”, in Psalm 3: “I slept and fell into slumber and rose up, for God received me”.^(ONW)^(Van der Sijs 2001) In Middle Dutch the verb appears on the Lower Rhine around 1220, where a woman ''sliep'' a short while before she began to snore, and in a Ghent rule of 1236 which forbids the brothers to sleep on feather beds, ''slapen op plumine bedden''.^(VMNW)^(EWN)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Already in Middle Dutch ''slapen bi'' someone meant to have sexual intercourse (1285), and a Limburg word list of 1240 renders Latin ''concumbere'' as ''te samene slapen''.^(VMNW) The verb could also mean “to stay overnight”, even of things: a text of 1360 warns that a hired servant's pay must not ''slapen'' with the master.^(MNW) Old documents that had lapsed were ''slapende brieven''.^(MNW)

+

+ Plantijn records ''mijnen voet slaept'' “my foot has gone to sleep” in the 16th century, and the senses “to be inattentive” and, of plants, “to rest at night” belong to modern Dutch.^(MNW)^(Van Dale 2014) The good-night wish ''slaap wel'' is quoted from 1839, and ''slapen als een os'' “to sleep like a log” from 1867.^(WNT) ''Men moet geen slapende honden wakker maken'' goes back to a medieval Latin line that a Middle Dutch book of manners imitated; it first meant that past trouble should not be stirred up, and later that one should not cause avoidable difficulties.^(Stoett 1923) In Surinamese Dutch things can “sleep” somewhere, for example a bus parked at the driver's home overnight.^(Van Donselaar 1989)

+

+ Negerhollands had ''slaap'', ''slap'' and ''slaep'', Skepi Creole Dutch ''slapi'', and French dialects of the north have ''aller chlop'' “to go to sleep”.^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 901–1000 – ''Sclip'' “slept” in the Wachtendonck Psalms.^(ONW)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * c. 1220 – Middle Dutch ''sliep'' on the Lower Rhine.^(VMNW)

+ * 1236 – ''Slapen op plumine bedden'' in a Ghent rule.^(EWN)^(VMNW)

+ * 1240 – ''Te samene slapen'' glosses Latin ''concumbere''.^(VMNW)

+ * 1285 – ''Slapen bi'' “to sleep with”.^(VMNW)

+ * 1360 – ''Slapen'' “to stay overnight”.^(MNW)

+ * 1839 – The wish ''Slaap wel!''^(WNT)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|sleep]], to be asleep: ''De kinderen slapen al.'' ''Gaan slapen'' is to go to bed.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Of a limb: to tingle or be numb after the blood flow has been cut off: ''Mijn been slaapt.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # To be [[m|en|inattentive]], to have one's mind elsewhere.^(Van Dale 2014)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # Of plants: to appear to rest at night.^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # ''(dominoes)'' Of a piece: to be out of play.^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[slaap]]

+ * [[beslapen]]

+ * [[ontslapen]]

+ * [[slaper]]

+ * [[slaperig]]

+ * [[verslapen]]

+ * [[doorslapen]]

+ * [[inslapen]]

+ * [[overslapen]]

+ * [[uitslapen]]

+ * [[slaapbank]]

+ * [[slaapkamer]]

+ * [[slaapwandelen]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[slap]]

+ * [[en|sleep]]

+ * [[de|schlafen]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}