vertrouwen Dutch · revision 37295

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=1398, Middle Dutch|origins=nl trouwen}}

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+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /vərˈtrɑu̯ə(n)/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''vertrouwen''' (verb: past ''vertrouwde'', past participle ''vertrouwd''; noun: ''het vertrouwen'', neuter, uncountable)^(Wiktionary)^(WNT)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is formed [[af|nl|ver-|trouwen]], the verb [[trouwen]] in its rare old sense “to trust, to hope”, itself a derivative of the noun [[trouw]].^(EWN)^(WNT)^(Wiktionary) The Philippa dictionary explains it as a 16th-century replacement of the prefix: Middle Dutch said [[m|dum|betrouwen]] (from 1290) and [[m|dum|getrouwen]] (from about 1240) for “to trust”, while ⟨vertrouwen⟩ hardly occurs, and the new form probably followed the High German verb [[m|de|vertrauen]].^(EWN)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|408)^(WNT) The verb is old in the neighbouring languages: [[goh|firtrūēn]] and [[ang|fortrūwian]] were reflexive, meaning “to trust in” and “to trust too much in”.^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)

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+ Of the older verbs, ⟨getrouwen⟩ died out at the end of the Middle Dutch period.^(EWN) ⟨Betrouwen⟩ went out of use in the Netherlands after the 19th century but lives on in Flemish speech and in [[betrouwbaar]] (1644) and [[onbetrouwbaar]].^(EWN)^(WNT) The noun [[m|nl|vertrouwen|t=trust]] is the infinitive used as a noun, from the 16th century.^(WNT)^(Wiktionary)

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+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Middle Dutch ''vertrouwen'' is rare, and the few records do not yet mean “to trust”.^(MNW)^(WNT) In 1398 it appears in the phrase ''enen des niet toe en vertrouwen'', not to expect something of someone, not to think them capable of it.^(EWN)^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997) In eastern texts it also meant to give someone in marriage.^(MNW)

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+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The modern sense, to rely on someone or something, is first recorded in 1556, in a dictionary.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001)^(WNT) By 1562 the verb could mean to be firmly convinced (''wy vertrouwen dat wy een goede consciencie hebben'', “we trust that we have a good conscience”), and in 1611 to count on something.^(EWN) Its use with a negative, of a person who cannot be trusted, appears in 1656: ''de Bantammers … niet te vertrouwen'', said of the people of Banten in Java.^(EWN) The noun, ''vertrouwen'' “trust”, is recorded from 1556 as well, and the political phrase ''de kwestie van vertrouwen stellen'' became the term for a minister asking parliament whether it still trusts the minister.^(WNT)^(Van Dale 2014)

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+ The proverb ''zoals de waard is, vertrouwt hij zijn gasten'' says that people judge others by themselves;^(Stoett 1923)^(WNT) Stoett traces it through Huygens and Tuinman, who still wrote ''betrouwt''.^(Stoett 1923)^(WNT) De Vreese criticised Flemish ''man van vertrouwen'' and reflexive ''zich vertrouwen op'' as translations of French ''homme de confiance'' and ''se fier à''.^(De Vreese 1899)

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+ The verb went abroad with Dutch: Afrikaans has [[m|af|vertrou]], Sranan Tongo [[m|srn|fertrow]] “to count on”, and Swedish [[m|sv|förtro]] “to confide” comes from Dutch or Low German.^(Wiktionary)^(Van der Sijs 2010)

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+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1398 – Middle Dutch ''vertrouwen'' in the sense “to expect (of someone)”.^(EWN)^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997)

+ * 1556 – ''Vertrouwen'' “to rely on” is first recorded, and the noun with it.^(Van der Sijs 2001)^(WNT)

+ * 1562 – The verb is used for “to be sure, to be convinced”.^(EWN)

+ * 1644 – ''Betrouwbaar'' “trustworthy”, from the older verb, appears.^(EWN)

+ * 1656 – ''Niet te vertrouwen'' “not to be trusted” is first recorded.^(EWN)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # ''(transitive)'' To [[m|en|trust]], to believe that someone is honest or reliable: ''Ik vertrouw die buurman niet.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(WNT)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(transitive)'' Of a thing or situation: to feel no suspicion about it;^(Van Dale 2014) ''iets niet vertrouwen'' is to sense that something is wrong.^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # ''(intransitive, with op)'' To [[m|en|rely]] on, to count on: ''Je kunt op haar vertrouwen.''^(WNT)^(Wiktionary)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # ''(transitive, with a clause)'' To be confident, to hope firmly: ''We vertrouwen erop dat alles goed komt.''^(WNT)^(EWN)

+ # ''(obsolete, reflexive)'' To marry.^(Wiktionary)^(MNW)

+

+ ===Noun===

+ # Trust, [[m|en|confidence]]: firm belief in the reliability of a person or thing.^(Van Dale 2014)^(WikiWoordenboek)^(WNT)

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+ ==Word family==

+ * [[toevertrouwen]]

+ * [[vertrouwelijk]]

+ * [[vertrouweling]]

+ * [[vertrouwd]]

+ * [[wantrouwen]]

+ * [[zelfvertrouwen]]

+ * [[vertrouwenskwestie]]

+ * [[vertrouwenspersoon]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[trouw]]

+ * [[trouwen]]

+ * [[betrouwbaar]]

+ * [[de|vertrauen]]

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+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Iemand in vertrouwen nemen'' is to tell someone something in confidence, and ''goed van vertrouwen zijn'' is to be too ready to believe others.^(Van Dale 2014) In Belgium the older verb ''betrouwen'' is still heard in the same sense.^(EWN)^(WNT)

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+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}