tussen Dutch · revision 37294

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=c. 1100, Old Dutch (Egmond, Williram)|origins=ine-pro *dwís}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈtʏsə(n)/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''tussen'''^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|tusschen]], beside western [[m|dum|twisschen]], and is probably shortened from the older [[odt|intwiskan|t=between]], a phrase of the preposition [[in]] with a dative plural of the adjective [[gem-pro|*twiskaz|t=twofold, double|alt=*twiska-]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)^(Kroonen 2013) In the related languages too the simple preposition is younger than the combined forms: [[osx|undartwisk]], [[goh|in zwiskēn]] and [[goh|untar zwiskēn]], [[ang|betweox]] (modern [[en|betwixt]]), [[ofs|twiska]], all meaning “between”, while [[m|gmh|zwischen]] and [[m|gml|twischen]] arose by the same shortening.^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971) The adjective survives in [[osx|twisk]] and [[goh|zwisc|t=twofold]].^(EWN)^(Kroonen 2013)

+

+ The Germanic adjective is a derivative of the word for [[twee]], or of the adverb meaning “twice”, [[ine-pro|*dwís]], which also gave [[grc|δίς|tr=dís]], [[la|bis]] and [[sa|द्विस्|tr=dvís]], “twice”.^(De Vries 1971)^(Kroonen 2013)^(Wiktionary) Kroonen compares [[xcl|կից|tr=kicʻ|t=associate]], built with the same suffix.^(Kroonen 2013)

+

+ The form with ⟨u⟩ shows the change of ⟨wi⟩ to ⟨u⟩ also seen in [[zuster]] and [[zulk]].^(EWN) It was usual in most of the Dutch area, while ⟨twisschen⟩ belonged to Holland and Utrecht; the change did not happen everywhere, as [[dwingen]] and [[twist]] show.^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(WNT)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old Dutch ''intwiskan'' “between” is recorded around 1100 in the Leiden Williram, a paraphrase of the Song of Songs, where the beloved is a bundle of myrrh that rests between the breasts.^(ONW)^(EWN) Middle Dutch ''tusgen'' glosses Latin ''intercutaneus'' as ''tusgen vel ende vlesg'', “between skin and flesh”, in Limburg around 1240.^(VMNW)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|394) Van der Sijs dates the preposition to 1249, in a charter.^(Van der Sijs 2001)^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ By the 13th century the word already expressed place, time and relations: a meeting is held ''tusschen aluondertiid ende vespertiid'' in Bruges in 1280, and texts speak of friendship or enmity ''tusschen'' two parties.^(VMNW) Middle Dutch also had ''tusschen tiden'' “in the meantime, now and then” and ''tusschen doot ende leven'', for as long as one lives.^(MNW)

+

+ In early modern Dutch the western forms ''twisschen'' and ''twisken'' still appear in Holland regulations of the early 16th century, and the village name Twisk keeps them.^(WNT) Many fixed phrases grew round the word: ''tussen de hamer en het aambeeld'' (1552), ''tussen deur en dorpel'', and the colloquial ''iemand ertussen nemen'', to make a fool of someone.^(WNT)^(Stoett 1923)

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+ The preposition passed into Negerhollands as ''tyssen'' and Berbice Dutch as [[m|brc|tosn]], and Afrikaans keeps [[m|af|tussen]].^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 1100 – Old Dutch ''intwiskan'' in the Leiden Williram.^(ONW)^(EWN)

+ * c. 1240 – Middle Dutch ''tusgen'' in a Limburg glossary.^(VMNW)

+ * 1249 – ''Tus(s)chen'' in a charter, the date Van der Sijs gives.^(Van der Sijs 2001)^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997)

+ * 1510 – Western ''twisken'' in a Holland water-board text.^(WNT)

+ * 1552 – ''Tusschen den hamer ende aenbeeld'' is recorded.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Preposition===

+ # [[m|en|between]]: in the space with one person or thing on each side: ''Het station ligt tussen de kerk en de markt.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(WikiWoordenboek)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Between two points in time: ''Ik bel je tussen negen en tien.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # Between two values, amounts or limits.^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # [[m|en|among]], in the middle of: ''Tussen de papieren lag een oude foto.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Expressing a relation between people or things: ''het verschil tussen beide talen''.^(VMNW)^(WNT)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[intussen]]

+ * [[ondertussen]]

+ * [[tussenbeide]]

+ * [[tussendoor]]

+ * [[tussenin]]

+ * [[tussentijd]]

+ * [[tussentijds]]

+ * [[tussenpersoon]]

+ * [[tussenpoos]]

+ * [[tussenwerpsel]]

+ * [[tussendeur]]

+ * [[tussenjaar]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[twee]]

+ * [[twist]]

+ * [[twijfel]]

+ * [[de|zwischen]]

+ * [[en|betwixt]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Tussen haakjes'' means “by the way”, and ''tussen de middag'' is the lunch break.^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}