pas Dutch · revision 37291

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=1265–1270, Middle Dutch (Brabant)|origins=la passus}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /pɑs/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''pas''' ''m'' (noun; plural ''passen'', diminutive ''pasje'' ''n''); adverb and predicative adjective ''pas''^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ The noun is [[inh|dum|pas]], [[bor|fro|pas|t=step]], [[la|passus|t=step, pace]], literally the spreading of the legs, from the past participle of [[la|pandō|t=to spread out]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997) The same French word gave [[gml|pas]], [[m|de|Pass]] in German and [[m|en|pace]] in English.^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(WNT) Already in Medieval Latin and French it meant a pace, a track or path, a hard passage and a mountain pass, and the measure of length goes back to classical Latin.^(EWN) In Middle Dutch it gained the sense “a certain place”, which led to “a certain time, the right moment”, perhaps helped by the verb [[passen]] “to fit”.^(EWN)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)

+

+ The adverb meaning “just, only” is the same word, shortened from phrases such as ⟨op dit pas⟩ “at this moment” (1440) and ⟨van passe⟩ “at the right time”.^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(WNT) The predicative adjective “fitting” also belongs here, though Wiktionary derives it from the verb.^(WNT)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ The noun “passport” may be the same word in the sense “free passage”, shortened from ⟨pasbrief⟩ or ⟨brief van pas⟩ (1532), as Van Haeringen argued, or a shortening of [[paspoort]] (1488), from French [[m|fr|passeport]].^(Van Haeringen 1936)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|281)^(De Vries 1971)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The noun is first recorded in Brabant in 1265–1270, in ''ginc hi wech al sinen pas'', “he went away as fast as he could”; the same text speaks of a woman ''ouer haren pas'', past her prime.^(EWN)^(VMNW)^(Van der Sijs 2001) In 1285 ''pas'' is a measure of five feet.^(VMNW)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Middle Dutch ''pas'' meant a step and a pace, a road and a person's way of life, a mountain pass (1300–1325), a passage or entrance, a fixed place and a fixed time.^(EWN)^(MNW) The phrase ''pas over pas'' “step by step” is from 1486.^(MNW)

+

+ The adverb is first recorded around 1660, ''dit had hy pas gesproken, of …'', “hardly had he said this when …”, and in 1669 a newly built house is said to have only just begun its life.^(EWN)^(WNT)^(Van der Sijs 2001) In older Dutch it could also look forward, meaning “soon, presently” (1616).^(WNT) The sense “passport” appears at the end of the 17th century.^(Van der Sijs 2001)^(De Vries 1971) At the end of the 19th century ''pasje'' “tram ticket” was formed separately, shortened from French ''passe-partout''.^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)

+

+ ''Te pas komen'' and ''van pas komen'', to come in handy, keep the old sense “the right moment”;^(Stoett 1923)^(WNT) Stoett dates ''in iemands kraam te pas komen'' to the 17th century.^(Stoett 1923)^(WNT) Dutch ''pas'' “passport” spread to Danish and Indonesian, and the adverb to Frisian and Negerhollands.^(Van der Sijs 2010)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1265–1270 – Middle Dutch ''pas'' “pace” in Brabant.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * 1285 – ''Pas'' as a measure of length.^(VMNW)

+ * 1440 – ''Op dit pas'' “at this moment”.^(EWN)

+ * 1488 – ''Passeport'' is first recorded.^(De Vries 1971)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|281)

+ * c. 1660 – The adverb ''pas'' “just, hardly”.^(EWN)

+ * 1688–1696 – ''Pas'' “passport”.^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|step]], a [[m|en|pace]]; also the length of one step: ''Hij deed een pas achteruit.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A [[m|en|passport]] or other pass giving access or identity.^(Van Dale 2014)^(De Vries 1971)

+ # A mountain [[m|en|pass]].^(Van Dale 2014)^(EWN)

+ # ''(Belgium, sports)'' A pass of the ball.^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ ===Adverb===

+ # [[m|en|just]], only a moment ago: ''Ze is pas thuis.''^(Wiktionary)^(WikiWoordenboek)^(WNT)

+ # Only, not until: ''De winkel gaat pas om tien uur open.''^(Wiktionary)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # Hardly, scarcely.^(Wiktionary)^(WNT)

+ # Really, now indeed: ''Dat is pas lekker!''^(Wiktionary)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+

+ ===Adjective===

+ # ''(predicative)'' Fitting, of the right size.^(Wiktionary)^(WNT)

+

+ ===Interjection===

+ # Pass: said by a player who gives up a turn.^(WikiWoordenboek)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[passen]]

+ * [[paspoort]]

+ * [[pasgeboren]]

+ * [[pasgetrouwd]]

+ * [[pasfoto]]

+ * [[bankpas]]

+ * [[bergpas]]

+ * [[looppas]]

+ * [[danspas]]

+ * [[pasmunt]]

+ * [[onpas]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[passeren]]

+ * [[passage]]

+ * [[en|pace]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Iemand de pas afsnijden'' is to block someone's way, and ''uit de pas lopen'' is to be out of step with the others.^(Van Dale 2014) Eastern Middle Dutch had a different noun ''pasch'' “meadow”, borrowed from Latin ''pascua'', which survives in place names such as Passendale (961).^(VMNW)^(ONW)^(Van Berkel & Samplonius 2018)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}