graag Dutch · revision 37283

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=c. 1560|origins=gem-pro *grēdagaz}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ɣraːx/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''graag''' (comparative liever, superlative liefst)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|gradich|t=hungry, greedy]], [[inh|odt|*grādag]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*grādag]], [[inh|gem-pro|*grēdagaz|t=hungry]], contracted by the loss of the ⟨d⟩ between vowels.^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997) Van Veen and Van der Sijs give the full form as eastern Middle Dutch ⟨gradich⟩, ⟨gredich⟩, and Franck–Van Wijk cite ⟨gredych⟩ from the Teuthonista, while the Philippa dictionary treats the uncontracted form as unrecorded.^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(EWN) Dialects also have a form without the ⟨d⟩ but not contracted, ⟨graaiig⟩.^(WNT)^(Vercoullie 1925)

+

+ The same word is [[osx|grādag]], [[goh|grātag]], [[ang|grǣdig]] (modern [[en|greedy]]), [[non|gráðugr]] (Danish [[m|da|grådig]]) and [[got|𐌲𐍂𐌴𐌳𐌰𐌲𐍃|tr=grēdags|t=greedy, hungry]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004) It is an adjective formed in Proto-Germanic from the noun [[m|gem-pro|*grēduz|t=hunger]], seen in [[m|ang|grǣd|t=greed]], [[m|non|gráðr|t=greed]] and [[m|got|𐌲𐍂𐌴𐌳𐌿𐍃|tr=grēdus|t=hunger]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)^(De Vries 1971)

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+ The root is probably an ablaut variant of [[m|gem-pro|*ger-]], the root of [[gaarne]] and [[begeren]], and perhaps also of [[gretig]].^(EWN)^(Van Haeringen 1936)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004) Further back the Philippa dictionary suggests [[ine-pro|*ǵʰreh₁-dʰ-]], an extension of [[m|ine-pro|*ǵʰerh₁-]], but calls the origin unclear.^(EWN) Franck–Van Wijk preferred a link with [[sga|gorte|t=hunger]] and [[lt|gardùs|t=tasty]];^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(Van Haeringen 1936) Van Haeringen found that link less convincing than the link with the root of the verbs of desire.^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(Van Haeringen 1936)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ ''Graag'' is only recorded from about 1600, though Franck–Van Wijk think it must be older in part of the language area.^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(Van der Sijs 2001)^(De Vries 1971) Its first sense was “hungry, greedy”: about 1560 a text speaks of someone ''graech van leden'', with wasted limbs, and in 1623 sea water is said to make people ''graegh'', hungry.^(EWN)^(WNT)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ From hunger for food the adjective soon widened to “eager, keen”: in 1618 people are ''graegh om wat te winnen'', keen to earn something, and in 1635 there are ''grage koopers'', eager buyers.^(EWN)^(WNT) The Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal also records it for lovers and for grasping officials.^(WNT) The adverb “with pleasure, gladly” appears in the same year 1635, and this is the main use today; the adjective “hungry, greedy” is now archaic.^(EWN)^(Van Dale 2014) The derivative [[graagte]] went the same way, from “hunger” (1644) to ''met graagte'' “with great pleasure” (1833).^(EWN)

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+ The comparative and superlative of the adverb are taken from another word, ''liever'' and ''liefst''.^(Wiktionary)^(WNT) In Surinamese Dutch ''graag'' is also a polite “yes, gladly” in answer to an instruction, where the Dutch of the Netherlands uses it only in answer to a real question.^(Van Donselaar 1989) The word lives on in Afrikaans [[m|af|graag]] and was taken into West Frisian ([[m|fy|graach]]), German dialects and Negerhollands.^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 1560 – ''Graech van leden'' “with wasted limbs”, in the sense “hungry”.^(EWN)

+ * 1600 – First date of the adverb “with pleasure” in the Chronologisch woordenboek.^(Van der Sijs 2001)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ * 1618 – ''Graegh om wat te winnen'', “keen to earn something”.^(EWN)

+ * 1623 – Sea water makes people ''graegh'', hungry.^(EWN)^(WNT)

+ * 1635 – ''Grage koopers'' “eager buyers”, and the adverb “gladly”.^(EWN)^(WNT)

+ * 1644 – The derivative ''graegt'' “hunger”.^(EWN)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adverb===

+ # [[m|en|gladly]], willingly, with pleasure: ''ze helpt hem graag''.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # In polite requests: ''de rekening graag'', the bill, please.^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ ===Interjection===

+ # Yes [[m|en|please]], in accepting something offered.^(Wiktionary)^(Van Donselaar 1989)

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+ ===Adjective===

+ # ''(archaic)'' [[m|en|hungry]], eager, [[m|en|greedy]].^(Van Dale 2014)^(WikiWoordenboek)^(WNT)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[graagte]]

+ * [[ongraag]]

+ * [[leergraag]]

+ * [[praatgraag]]

+ * [[weetgraag]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[gaarne]]

+ * [[begeren]]

+ * [[gretig]]

+ * [[en|greedy]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Graag gedaan'' is the usual polite reply to thanks, “you're welcome”, and ''dat geloof ik graag'' means “I can well believe that”.^(Van Dale 2014) In Zeeland dialect the adjective still means “hungry”.^(Debrabandere 2007)

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+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}