toe Dutch · revision 37280

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=901–1000, Wachtendonck Psalms|origins=ine-pro *doh₁}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /tu/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''toe'''^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|toe]], [[inh|odt|*tuo]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*tō]], [[inh|gem-pro|*tō|t=to, towards]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary) The Old Dutch form is inferred from the prefix of [[m|odt|tōhopa|t=hope, refuge]].^(EWN)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004) The same word is [[osx|tō]], [[goh|zuo]] (modern [[de|zu]]), [[ofs|tō]] (modern [[fy|ta]]) and [[ang|tō]], which gave both [[en|to]] and [[m|en|too]].^(EWN)^(WNT)^(Orel 2003) It was at first an adverb and only later became a preposition in the separate languages.^(EWN) Beside it stood a weak, unstressed form [[m|gem-pro|*ta]], which served as a preposition and gave [[te]].^(EWN)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004)

+

+ Outside Germanic it is related to [[ine-pro|*doh₁|alt=*do(-h₁)|t=to]], continued in [[la|endo|t=within]], [[m|la|quandō|t=when]] and [[m|la|dōnec|t=until]], in [[grc|ἔνδον|tr=éndon|t=inside]], [[lt|da|t=until]], [[ru|до|tr=do|t=to, up to]] and [[sga|do|t=to]].^(EWN)^(Orel 2003)^(Wiktionary) The ablaut variant [[m|ine-pro|*deh₁]] may be the source of [[m|la|dē|t=from]].^(EWN)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The Wachtendonck Psalms of the 10th century call God ''tōhopa min'', “my hope, my refuge”, literally “hope towards”.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001) About 1100 the Egmond Williram uses ''zo'' as a preposition: ''ilet siu zo himo'', “she hastens to him”.^(EWN) In 13th-century Middle Dutch ''toe'' means “towards”, “in addition” and “shut”: a text of 1265–1270 has eyes opened ''ende weder toe'', “and shut again”.^(EWN)^(VMNW)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Middle Dutch used ''toe'' with ''te'' or ''tot'' to mark a limit, as in ''tot paeschen toe'', “until Easter” (1248–1271), and ''ter dod al toe'', “even unto death” (1285).^(EWN)^(VMNW) In eastern texts it was also a preposition, a variant of ''te'', but the standard language kept only the adverb.^(EWN)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004) In its spatial sense it now usually goes with a preposition, ''naar … toe'' or ''tot … toe'', or with a verb, as in ''toelopen'' and ''toeschreeuwen''.^(EWN)^(WNT) The sense “in addition” lives in ''op de koop toe'', ''toegeven'', ''toegift'' and ''toetje'' “dessert”.^(EWN)^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ The interjection ''toe!'', urging someone on or pleading, grew out of the sense of moving towards a goal and is recorded from 1782.^(WNT) Through Afrikaans the word reached South African English, where ''toe'' “shut” came to mean “very stupid” and ''toe maar'' is said to soothe someone;^(Van der Sijs 2010) Negerhollands had ''tu'', ''toe'' “to” and “shut”.^(Van der Sijs 2010)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 901–1000 – Old Dutch ''tōhopa'' “hope, refuge” in the Wachtendonck Psalms.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * c. 1100 – ''Zo himo'' “to him” in the Egmond Williram.^(EWN)

+ * 1248–1271 – ''Tot paeschen toe'' “until Easter”.^(EWN)

+ * 1265–1270 – Eyes opened ''ende weder toe'' “and shut again”.^(EWN)^(VMNW)

+ * 1596 – A fleet sets course ''naer 't roode Meer toe'', “towards the Red Sea”.^(WNT)

+ * 1782 – First record of the interjection ''toe!''.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adverb===

+ # Towards, in the direction of, with ''naar'' or ''tot'': ''hij liep naar haar toe''.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Up to a limit in time or space, in ''tot … toe'': ''tot de knieën toe''.^(Wiktionary)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # In addition, besides: ''op de koop toe'';^(Van Dale 2014) ''wat eten we toe?'', what is for dessert?^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # [[m|en|shut]], [[m|en|closed]]: ''de winkel is al toe''.^(Wiktionary)^(WikiWoordenboek)^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # ''(toe zijn aan)'' Ready for, in need of: ''ik ben toe aan vakantie''.^(Wiktionary)

+ # As the second part of pronominal adverbs and separable verbs: [[daartoe]], [[toegeven]].^(WikiWoordenboek)^(WNT)

+

+ ===Interjection===

+ # Come on!, go on!, urging someone with an imperative: ''toe, vertel nou!''.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Please, pleading.^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # Expressing disbelief or surprise: come off it!^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[toegift]]

+ * [[toegang]]

+ * [[toekomst]]

+ * [[toelage]]

+ * [[toetje]]

+ * [[toegeven]]

+ * [[toelaten]]

+ * [[toepassen]]

+ * [[toeschrijven]]

+ * [[toevoegen]]

+ * [[daartoe]]

+ * [[waartoe]]

+ * [[totnogtoe]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[te]]

+ * [[tot]]

+ * [[en|to]]

+ * [[de|zu]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ In dialects and in older Dutch ''toe'' is also a form of [[toen]] “then”, first recorded in West Flanders in 1285.^(VMNW)^(Wiktionary) The Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal explains ''toe'' and ''toen'' as having arisen from ''doe'' and ''doen'' by assimilation after a word such as ''ende'', and says that ''toen'' became the usual form of the standard language in the 18th century.^(WNT) In eastern North Brabant ''toe'' is still a preposition meaning “to, until”.^(Weijnen 2003)^(Debrabandere 2010) Van Dale labels the sense “shut” archaic, though it is common in speech.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}