liggen Dutch · revision 37279

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=c. 1100, Old Dutch (Egmond Williram)|origins=ine-pro *legʰ-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈlɪɣə(n)/, [ˈlɪɣən], [ˈlɪɣø̜]^(Wiktionary)

+ * East, North: /ˈlɪxŋ̍/, [ˈlɪχɴ̩]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''liggen'''^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|liggen]], [[inh|odt|liggen]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*liggjan]], [[inh|gem-pro|*ligjaną|t=to lie]], from older [[m|gem-pro|*legjan-]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)^(Kroonen 2013) The same verb is [[osx|liggian]], [[goh|liggen]] (modern [[de|liegen]]), [[ofs|lidza]] (modern [[fy|lizze]]), [[ang|licgan]] (modern [[en|lie]]) and [[non|liggja]] (modern [[sv|ligga]]); [[got|𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌰𐌽|tr=ligan]] has no ⟨j⟩ in the present.^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(Kroonen 2013) Its causative is [[leggen]], “to cause to lie”.^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)

+

+ The root is [[ine-pro|*legʰ-|t=to lie]], with the present [[m|ine-pro|*legʰ-ye-]] in Kroonen's reconstruction.^(EWN)^(Kroonen 2013)^(Wiktionary) Outside Germanic it gave [[grc|λέχος|tr=lékhos|t=bed]], [[la|lectus|t=bed]], [[ru|лежать|tr=ležatʹ|t=to lie]], [[sga|laigid|t=lies]] and [[m|sga|lige|t=bed, grave]], and [[txb|lyaśäṃ|t=lies]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) Dutch words of the same root are [[leger]] “camp, lair”, [[laag]] (as in [[hinderlaag]] “ambush”), and [[gelag]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)

+

+ In Middle Dutch the second and third person singular ⟨liges⟩, ⟨liget⟩ became ⟨leges⟩, ⟨leget⟩, with the short vowel lengthened in an open syllable, and so fell together with the forms of the causative; in western dialects both verbs had ⟨leit⟩, so that in Holland they merged into one verb with strong and weak forms.^(EWN)^(Van Haeringen 1936)^(MNW)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The oldest records are in the Egmond Williram of about 1100, where the pillars on which a disc lay were of silver (''thar the disk upha lagh''), and in a text of 1151 from Werden about Lazarus, who lay at the rich man's door.^(EWN)^(ONW)^(Van der Sijs 2001) In Middle Dutch the verb appears in 1223 in a Ghent charter, of land that lies (''leghet'') at Rosenbroch, and a Limburg word list of 1240 glosses Latin ''jacere'' “to lie” with ''liggen''.^(EWN)^(VMNW)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Middle Dutch already used the verb for lying in bed, especially when ill, for staying or lodging somewhere, for being held as a hostage and for having sex with someone (''bi enen licghen'').^(VMNW)^(MNW) With ''ende'' and another verb it marked a lasting action, as in ''lach ende sliep'' (1340), the source of the modern ''liggen te'' + infinitive, “to be (lying) doing”.^(MNW)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ The merger of ''liggen'' and ''leggen'' in the western dialects means that the modern distinction is partly artificial: it was restored by the translators of the States Bible (1637) and by grammarians such as Ampzing (1628) and Huydecoper (1730), and was settled only by Weiland's grammar of 1805.^(EWN) In the 20th century two uses came in from German: ''de zaak ligt anders'', “the matter stands differently”, from the 1930s, and ''dat ligt hem niet'', “that does not suit him”, from the 1940s, both first rejected by purists.^(Theissen 1978)^(Van der Sijs 2005)

+

+ The verb survives as Afrikaans [[m|af|lê]] and Negerhollands ''lee'', and Papiamentu [[m|pap|lèg]] means to take a nap lying down.^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 1100 – Old Dutch ''lagh'' “lay” in the Egmond Williram.^(EWN)^(ONW)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * 1223 – Middle Dutch ''leghet'' “lies”, of land, in a Ghent charter.^(EWN)^(VMNW)

+ * 1240 – ''Liggen'' glosses Latin ''jacere''.^(EWN)^(VMNW)

+ * 1283 – The infinitive used as a noun for being held as a hostage, at Dordrecht.^(VMNW)

+ * 1637 – The States Bible keeps ''liggen'' and ''leggen'' apart.^(EWN)

+ * 1805 – Weiland's grammar fixes the distinction in the standard language.^(EWN)

+ * 1940s – ''Dat ligt hem niet'' “that does not suit him”, after German.^(Theissen 1978)^(Van der Sijs 2005)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|lie]], to rest in a horizontal position on a surface: ''de kat ligt op de bank''.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To be situated, to be located: ''het dorp ligt aan een rivier''.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # To be in a given state: ''krom liggen van het lachen'', to be doubled up with laughter.^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # Of things: to lie unused: ''liggend geld'', money that earns no interest.^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # ''(auxiliary, with te)'' Forming a continuous aspect: ''hij ligt te slapen''.^(Wiktionary)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # ''(transitive)'' To suit someone's character or ability: ''dat werk ligt haar niet''.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)^(Theissen 1978)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[gelegen]]

+ * [[ligging]]

+ * [[ligger]]

+ * [[dwarsligger]]

+ * [[ligplaats]]

+ * [[ligstoel]]

+ * [[beliggen]]

+ * [[bijliggen]]

+ * [[dwarsliggen]]

+ * [[neerliggen]]

+ * [[openliggen]]

+ * [[stilliggen]]

+ * [[voorliggen]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[leggen]]

+ * [[leger]]

+ * [[laag]]

+ * [[gelag]]

+ * [[en|lie]]

+ * [[de|liegen]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ In western dialects, especially in Holland, ''liggen'' and ''leggen'' are still confused.^(Van Haeringen 1936)^(EWN) ''Het ligt mij op de leden'' meant “I have a foreboding of it”, with Flemish variants such as ''ik had het in mijn leên''.^(Stoett 1923) ''Onder de aarde liggen'' is to be dead and buried.^(Van Dale 2014) In Flanders ''ge moest al lang op het kerkhof liggen!'' is a curse.^(Van Sterkenburg 2001)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}