oud Dutch · revision 37278

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=893, Old Dutch (place name Aldenselen, copy of 1222)|origins=ine-pro *h₂el-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ɑu̯t/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''oud''' (comparative ouder, superlative oudst)^(Wiktionary)

+ Inflected forms often lose the ⟨d⟩ between vowels: ''ouwe'' beside ''oude'', and the short form ''ou''.^(WNT) The eastern dialects keep the older ''old'' and ''ald'', as in the Saxon and Frisian regions.^(WNT)^(MNW)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|out]], [[inh|odt|alt]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*ald]], [[inh|gem-pro|*aldaz|t=grown, old]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)^(Kroonen 2013) The Old Dutch form became ⟨oud⟩ in the same way as [[m|odt|kalt]] became [[koud]].^(EWN) The same word is [[osx|ald]], [[goh|alt]] (modern [[de|alt]]), [[ofs|ald]] (modern [[fy|âld]]), [[ang|eald]] (modern [[en|old]]) and ⟨alt⟩ in Crimean Gothic.^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Kroonen 2013) Only derivatives such as [[non|aldr|t=age]] keep the stem in the North, where the ordinary word for “old” was [[m|non|gamall]]; [[got|𐌰𐌻𐌸𐌴𐌹𐍃|tr=alþeis|t=old]] is formed with another suffix, whose ⟨þ⟩ matches that of the Germanic comparative seen in [[m|non|ellri|t=older]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)

+

+ The adjective was originally the past participle of a verb, [[gem-pro|*alaną|t=to grow; to nourish]], continued by [[m|ang|alan|t=to nourish]] and [[m|non|ala|t=to bring up]], so its first sense was “grown up”.^(EWN)^(Kroonen 2013)^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997) The root is [[ine-pro|*h₂el-|t=to grow, nourish]]: the participle [[m|ine-pro|*h₂el-tó-]] also gave [[la|altus|t=high]] (literally “grown tall”) and [[m|la|adultus|t=grown up]], and the verb survives in [[m|la|alō|t=to nourish]] and [[sga|ailid|t=nourishes]].^(EWN)^(Kroonen 2013)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) Kroonen adds [[m|sga|alt|t=height, cliff]] and [[cy|allt|t=hill]].^(Kroonen 2013)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The word is first found in place names: the Old Dutch ''Aldenselen'', modern Oldenzaal in Overijssel, is recorded in 893 in a copy of 1222, and the Oudnederlands Woordenboek lists place names with ''ald-'' from the 9th century on.^(EWN)^(ONW)^(Van der Sijs 2001) As an ordinary adjective it appears about 1100 in the Egmond Williram, in ''ouaz niwa ande ald'', fruit “new and old”.^(EWN)^(ONW) Middle Dutch ''out'' is recorded in 1236 in Ghent in ''van ouden tiden'' “since long ago”, and in 1265–1270 a text speaks of a little woman who was “old and weak”.^(EWN)^(VMNW)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The oldest records already show the two main uses that the modern language keeps apart: of things, “existing for a long time, from earlier days”, and of people, “having lived long”, as opposed to the young.^(ONW)^(VMNW) In the 13th century the comparative and superlative distinguished the elder of two people with the same name and the eldest son or daughter of a family, a use that gave surnames such as ''Ouwekees'' and ''Oudejans''.^(VMNW)^(WNT) With a number the word gives a person's or thing's age, as in a 1573 ''Hoe oudt is sy?'' “how old is she?”.^(WNT) The modern dictionaries add “familiar, of long standing” and “former, no longer valid”, and of bread “stale”.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ Many sayings use the word: ''zo oud als Methusalem'' “as old as Methuselah”, after the biblical patriarch, is found from the 16th century, and ''een oude rot in de val'' is said when a sly, experienced person is caught out at last.^(Stoett 1923) Surinamese Dutch calls New Year's Eve ''oud op nieuw''.^(Van Donselaar 1989) The word went into Negerhollands (''oud'', ''ouw''), Berbice Dutch (''hau'') and Sranan Tongo ([[srn|owru]]), and lives on in Afrikaans [[m|af|oud]], [[m|af|ou]].^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 893 – Old Dutch ''Aldenselen'' (Oldenzaal) is recorded, in a copy of 1222.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * c. 1100 – ''Ald'' “old” in the Egmond Williram.^(EWN)^(ONW)

+ * 1236 – Middle Dutch ''van ouden tiden'' “since long ago”, in Ghent.^(EWN)^(VMNW)

+ * 1268 – ''Sinen ousten broeder'' “his eldest brother”, in a Holland charter.^(VMNW)

+ * 1573 – ''Hoe oudt is sy?'' “how old is she?”.^(WNT)

+ * 1644 – The intensified ''aloud'' “very old” appears.^(EWN)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # Of the stated age: ''hoe oud is je zus?'', how old is your sister?^(Van Dale 2014)^(WNT)

+ # [[m|en|old]], having lived a long time, [[m|en|aged]].^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Having existed or been in use for a long time; [[m|en|ancient]], worn: ''een oud huis'', an old house.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # Long known, [[m|en|familiar]]: ''de oude garde'', the old guard.^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # [[m|en|former|alt=Former]], earlier, no longer valid: ''een oude vlam'', a former sweetheart.^(Van Dale 2014)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # Of bread: [[m|en|stale]].^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[oudbakken]]

+ * [[ouder]]

+ * [[oudheid]]

+ * [[ouderling]]

+ * [[oudroest]]

+ * [[ouderwets]]

+ * [[oudere]]

+ * [[ouderejaars]]

+ * [[oudje]]

+ * [[verouderen]]

+ * [[ouwelijk]]

+ * [[oudejaar]]

+ * [[aloud]]

+ * [[ouderdom]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[en|old]]

+ * [[de|alt]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Oud en nieuw'' is the turn of the year, New Year's Eve and New Year's Day.^(Van Dale 2014) ''Oude bomen verplant men niet'', “one doesn't transplant old trees”, says that old people should not have to move house.^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}