god Dutch · revision 37258

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=late 8th century, Old Dutch (Utrecht baptismal vow)|origins=gem-pro *gudą}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ɣɔt/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''god''' ''m'' (plural goden, diminutive godje n, feminine godin)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|god]], [[inh|odt|got]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*god]], [[inh|gem-pro|*gudą|t=god]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)^(Kroonen 2013) The same word is [[osx|god]], [[goh|got]] (modern [[de|Gott]]), [[ofs|god]] (modern [[fy|god]]), [[ang|god]] (modern [[en|god]]), [[non|guð]] and [[got|𐌲𐌿𐌸|tr=guþ]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Kroonen 2013) Middle Dutch seldom spelled it with final ⟨t⟩, unlike other words ending in /t/.^(EWN)^(MNW) The word was first neuter, as its plurals show in Gothic, Old Norse and Old English texts, and became masculine when it was applied to the God of the Christians.^(WNT)^(De Vries 1971)^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997)

+

+ Its further origin is uncertain.^(EWN)^(Kroonen 2013) Most scholars derive it from [[ine-pro|*ǵʰewH-|t=to call, invoke]], so that it meant “the one who is invoked”, comparing [[sa|हूत|tr=hūtá|t=invoked]] (as in [[m|sa|पुरुहूत|tr=puruhūtá|t=much invoked]], an epithet of Indra) and [[cu|зъвати|tr=zŭvati|t=to call]]; but the laryngeal should have given a long /uː/ in Germanic.^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) Others start from [[m|ine-pro|*ǵʰew-|t=to pour]], through “libation” to “the one to whom it is poured”, which the EWN finds far-fetched.^(EWN)^(Kroonen 2013)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) Kroonen suggests a link with [[m|cu|говѣти|tr=gověti|t=to revere]], and the EWN thinks a loan from a pre-Germanic substrate language most likely.^(Kroonen 2013)^(EWN) Within Germanic it is related to [[got|𐌲𐌿𐌳𐌾𐌰|tr=gudja|t=priest]] and German [[m|de|Götze|t=idol]].^(Kroonen 2013)

+

+ The Indo-European word for a god, [[m|ine-pro|*deywós]], survives in Germanic only in the name [[non|Týr]] (see [[dinsdag]]); it is the source of [[la|deus]].^(EWN) Van Haeringen rejects the old idea of a loan from Iranian.^(Van Haeringen 1936)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The word is first recorded in the Old Dutch baptismal vow of Utrecht, late in the 8th century: ''gelobistu in got alamehtigan fadaer'', “do you believe in God the almighty Father?”.^(EWN)^(ONW)^(Van der Sijs 2001) In the Wachtendonck Psalms of the 10th century God is addressed as ''herro got'', Lord God, and a 12th-century text from Werden uses ''ein got'', a god, of a man treated as if he were divine.^(ONW)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Old Dutch already had both senses, a pagan deity and the God of Christianity, which was used without an article like a name.^(ONW) Middle Dutch glossaries of about 1240 use ''got'' for Latin ''theos'' and ''divus'', and the word is frequent in wishes, curses and oaths such as ''bi Gode'' and ''also helpe mi God'', which originally went on “that I speak the truth”.^(VMNW)^(MNW)^(Stoett 1923) The modern oath formula ''zo waarlijk helpe mij God almachtig'' continues it.^(Stoett 1923)^(Van Dale 2014) The old genitive ''Godes'' and dative ''Gode'' remained in use long after the Middle Ages.^(WNT)

+

+ Some old curses were self-curses: ''godverdomme'' first meant “may God damn me (if I do not tell the truth)”.^(Van Sterkenburg 2001) The origin of ''leven als God in Frankrijk'', to live a carefree life, has not been found.^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997)^(Stoett 1923) Dutch gave the word to Negerhollands (''god'', ''got''), and Sranan ''gado'' comes from Dutch or English.^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * late 8th century – ''Got'' in the Old Dutch baptismal vow of Utrecht.^(EWN)^(ONW)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * 901–1000 – ''Herro got'' “Lord God” in the Wachtendonck Psalms.^(ONW)

+ * 1151–1200 – ''Ein got'' “a god” in a text from Werden.^(ONW)

+ * 1240 – ''Got'' glosses Latin ''theos'' in a Limburg glossary.^(VMNW)

+ * 1611 – The poetic plural ''Goon'' for the gods of Olympus.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|god]], a [[m|en|deity]]: a superhuman being worshipped as ruling part of the world, as in [[polytheïsme]].^(ANW)^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Someone or something revered like a god.^(ANW)

+ # ''God'' (capitalised): God, the creator and ruler of all things in [[monotheïsme]].^(ANW)^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''God'' in exclamations, expressing surprise, fear or other feelings, or to affirm something.^(ANW)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[godin]]

+ * [[goddelijk]]

+ * [[goddeloos]]

+ * [[godheid]]

+ * [[godsdienst]]

+ * [[afgod]]

+ * [[godsvrucht]]

+ * [[vergoden]]

+ * [[godverdomme]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[en|god]]

+ * [[de|Gott]]

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+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''God'' is written with a capital for the God of monotheism and with a small letter for other gods.^(WikiWoordenboek) ''De mindere goden'' are people of lesser talent, and ''de goden verzoeken'' is to tempt fate.^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}