genoeg Dutch · revision 37257

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=c. 1100, Old Dutch (Egmond Williram)|origins=ine-pro *h₂neḱ-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ɣəˈnux/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''genoeg'''^(Wiktionary)

+ In much of the Netherlands the shortened form ''genog'' is common in speech.^(Van Haeringen 1936)^(De Vries 1971)^(WNT) Middle Dutch already wrote it occasionally as ''ghenoch''.^(Van Haeringen 1936)^(De Vries 1971) Flemish has ''genoef'', whose final consonant matches English ''enough''.^(De Vries 1971)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|ghenoech]], [[inh|odt|ginuog]], [[inh|gem-pro|*ganōgaz|t=enough, sufficient]], formed with the prefix [[m|gem-pro|*ga-]], which expresses completeness (see [[ge-]]), and a stem [[m|gem-pro|*nōg-|t=sufficient]] of which no simple form survives.^(EWN)^(ONW)^(Wiktionary) The ONW notes that the formation was already fixed in Old Dutch.^(ONW) The same word is [[osx|ginōg]], [[goh|ginuog]] (modern [[de|genug]]), [[ofs|enōch]] (modern [[fy|genôch]]), [[ang|genōg]] (modern [[en|enough]]), [[non|gnógr]] (modern [[sv|nog]]) and [[got|𐌲𐌰𐌽𐍉𐌷𐍃|tr=ganōhs|t=abundant, sufficient]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997)

+

+ The long ⟨ō⟩ stands in ablaut with the short vowel of the Gothic verb [[m|got|𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌷|tr=ganah|t=it suffices]] and the matching [[m|goh|ginah]] and [[m|ang|geneah]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) A form with umlaut is [[geneugte]], and the weakest grade appears in [[genucht]].^(EWN)^(WNT)

+

+ The root is [[ine-pro|*h₂neḱ-|t=to reach, attain]], as in [[la|nancīscor|t=to obtain]] and [[sa|अनाश|tr=anā́śa|t=has reached]].^(EWN)^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997)^(Wiktionary) De Vries also counts verbs meaning “to carry”, such as [[lt|nešti]] and [[grc|ἐνεγκεῖν|tr=enenkeîn]], with the same root, whereas the EWN keeps a root [[m|ine-pro|*h₁neḱ-|t=to obtain, take]] apart;^(De Vries 1971)^(EWN)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) Franck–Van Wijk held that the Germanic meaning comes more easily from “reach to” than from “carry”.^(De Vries 1971)^(EWN)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The oldest record is in the Egmond Williram of about 1100, where ''genuoga'' means “many”: ''wanda genuoga nu nominetenus heizent fideles'', “for many are now called faithful in name only”.^(EWN)^(ONW)^(Van der Sijs 2001) Middle Dutch ''genueg'' “enough” follows in the Lower Rhine area early in the 13th century: ''her gaf eme to etene genueg'', “he gave him enough to eat”.^(VMNW)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Old Germanic already used the word in the stronger sense “more than enough, plenty”, which the Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal finds behind some later uses as well.^(WNT)^(EWN) Middle Dutch ''genoech doen'' meant “to give satisfaction, make amends” (1236), the source of [[genoegdoening]].^(VMNW)^(MNW) As an adverb Middle Dutch ''ghenoech'' could also mean “very” and “about, nearly”, the sense kept in [[nagenoeg]].^(VMNW)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) A health rule of 1253 advises ''slap genoch ende bade vele'', “sleep enough and bathe often”.^(EWN)

+

+ ''Genoeg hebben van iets'', to be fed up with it, is found from the 19th century.^(WNT)^(Van Dale 2014) The word went abroad with Dutch: Negerhollands had ''genoeg'' and ''gnug'', Berbice Dutch has ''gunuku'', and Afrikaans has [[m|af|genoeg]].^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 1100 – Old Dutch ''genuoga'' “many” in the Egmond Williram.^(EWN)^(ONW)

+ * 1201 – Middle Dutch ''genueg'' “enough” in the Lower Rhine area.^(VMNW)

+ * 1236 – ''Genoech doen'' “to give satisfaction” in Ghent.^(VMNW)

+ * 1253 – ''Slap genoch'' “sleep enough” in a health rule.^(EWN)

+ * 1838 – ''Genoeg hebben van'' “to have had enough of”.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Determiner===

+ # [[m|en|enough]], a sufficient amount: ''er is genoeg brood'', there is enough bread.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Enough in number: ''genoeg stoelen'', enough chairs.^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # ''Genoeg hebben van'': to be fed up with.^(Van Dale 2014)^(WNT)

+

+ ===Adverb===

+ # Enough, [[m|en|sufficiently]], after an adjective or adverb: ''oud genoeg'', old enough.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ===Interjection===

+ # Enough!, stop!^(WikiWoordenboek)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[genoegen]]

+ * [[genoegdoening]]

+ * [[nagenoeg]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[geneugte]]

+ * [[genucht]]

+ * [[en|enough]]

+ * [[de|genug]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Jammer genoeg'' means “unfortunately”.^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}