nieuw Dutch · revision 37253

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=901–1000, Wachtendonck Psalms|origins=ine-pro *néwyos}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /niu̯/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''nieuw''' (comparative nieuwer, superlative nieuwst)^(Wiktionary)

+ Dialects have ''nij'' or ''nie'' in the east, in Friesland and Groningen, and ''nuw'' or ''nouw'' in North Holland;^(De Vries 1971)^(WNT) ''nieuw'' has spread from the south.^(De Vries 1971)^(WNT)

+ A form with final ''-t'', ''nuut'' or ''nuwt'', occurs in South Flemish and Limburg dialects.^(Van Haeringen 1936)^(De Vries 1971)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|nieuwe]], [[inh|odt|niuwi]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*niwi]], [[inh|gem-pro|*niwjaz|t=new]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)^(Kroonen 2013) The same word is [[osx|niuwi]], [[goh|niuwi]] (modern [[de|neu]]), [[ofs|nī]], [[ang|nīwe]] (modern [[en|new]]), [[non|nýr]] (modern [[sv|ny]]) and [[got|𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌾𐌹𐍃|tr=niujis]], all meaning “new”.^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Kroonen 2013) It goes back to [[ine-pro|*néwyos]], as do [[lt|naujas]], [[sga|núe]] and [[grc|νεῖος|tr=neîos]], built on [[m|ine-pro|*néwos|t=new]], the source of [[la|novus]], [[m|grc|νέος|tr=néos]] and [[hit|newa-]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Wiktionary) Kroonen thinks the adjective was derived from the adverb meaning “now”, the ancestor of [[nu]]; the Philippa dictionary calls the exact relation uncertain.^(Kroonen 2013)^(EWN)

+

+ The Middle Dutch forms differ by region.^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971) In the uninflected form the Germanic diphthong ⟨eu⟩ became ⟨io⟩ and then ⟨ie⟩, but in the inflected forms it became ⟨iu⟩ and then ⟨u⟩, usually with a glide, ⟨uw⟩.^(EWN)^(WNT) Analogy later evened the vowel out in different ways in different places, so that Holland had ⟨nuwe⟩ beside ⟨nieuwe⟩, and northern dialects developed ⟨nij⟩.^(EWN)^(WNT)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old Dutch ''niuwi'' first appears in the Wachtendonck Psalms of the 10th century, of a young animal: ''calf nuuui'' “a new calf”.^(EWN)^(ONW) About 1100 the Egmond Williram speaks of ''ouaz niwa ande ald'', fruit new and old.^(EWN)^(ONW) The place name ''Neuuehoua'', now Nieuwenhove in East Flanders, is recorded about 1040.^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Middle Dutch used the word for newly built things, ''te sinen nuwen werke'' “for his new building” (1200), new coins and ''de nieuwe brigghe'' “the new bridge” (1297).^(EWN) Of land it meant newly reclaimed, and the ''niewe tiende'' was the tithe on such land.^(VMNW) Early modern texts add new songs (1510), news not yet known (1657), and things not yet worn, ''een paer nie schoenen'' “a pair of new shoes” (1612).^(WNT) The word is common in place names such as [[Nijkerk]] and [[Nieuwpoort]].^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(WNT)

+

+ The proverb ''nieuwe bezems vegen schoon'' is old: 16th-century collections have ''nieuwe bessemme veeghen wel'' and ''nye bessemen veghen schoone'', and medieval Latin proverbs say the same of new brooms.^(Stoett 1923) ''Er is niets nieuws onder de zon'' comes from Ecclesiastes 1:9.^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997) In 1976 Herman Vuijsje coined ''de nieuwe vrijgestelden'' for well-paid professionals with much freedom in their work.^(Reinsma 1984)

+

+ Afrikaans has [[m|af|nuwe]] and [[m|af|nuut]], Negerhollands ''nieuw'' and ''niw'', and Javindo ''nuwe'';^(Wiktionary)^(Van der Sijs 2010) Sranan Tongo ''njun'' is from Dutch or English.^(Wiktionary)^(Van der Sijs 2010)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 901–1000 – Old Dutch ''nuuui'' “new, young” in the Wachtendonck Psalms.^(EWN)^(ONW)

+ * c. 1040 – The place name ''Neuuehoua'' (Nieuwenhove).^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * c. 1100 – ''Niwa'' “fresh” of fruit in the Egmond Williram.^(ONW)

+ * 1200 – Middle Dutch ''nuwen'' “new”.^(EWN)

+ * 1297 – ''De nieuwe brigghe'' “the new bridge”.^(EWN)

+ * 1510 – ''Nyen liedekens'' “new songs”.^(WNT)

+ * 1976 – ''De nieuwe vrijgestelden'' is coined by Herman Vuijsje.^(Reinsma 1984)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # [[m|en|new]]: recently made, come into being or brought into use: ''Ze hebben een nieuw huis gekocht.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(WikiWoordenboek)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Coming after something or someone else, often replacing it: ''de nieuwe directeur''.^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # Not used before, in its original state, [[m|en|unworn]].^(WikiWoordenboek)^(WNT)

+ # Not known before, [[m|en|unfamiliar]] or surprising.^(WikiWoordenboek)^(WNT)

+ # Recently arrived or discovered.^(WikiWoordenboek)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[nieuws]]

+ * [[nieuwbakken]]

+ * [[nieuwerwets]]

+ * [[opnieuw]]

+ * [[fonkelnieuw]]

+ * [[gloednieuw]]

+ * [[splinternieuw]]

+ * [[nieuweling]]

+ * [[nieuwheid]]

+ * [[nieuwigheid]]

+ * [[nieuwtje]]

+ * [[benieuwen]]

+ * [[vernieuwen]]

+ * [[nieuwsgierig]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[nu]]

+ * [[en|new]]

+ * [[de|neu]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Het nieuwe is eraf'' means that something has lost its charm now that one is used to it.^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}