vast Dutch · revision 37250

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=901–1000, Wachtendonck Psalms|origins=gem-pro *fastuz}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /vɑst/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''vast''' (comparative vaster, superlative meest vast or vastst)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|vast]], [[inh|odt|fast]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*fastī]], [[inh|gem-pro|*fastuz|t=firm, fixed]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)^(Kroonen 2013) The same word is [[osx|fast]], [[goh|festi]] (modern [[de|fest]]), [[ofs|fest]] (modern [[fy|fêst]]), [[ang|fæst]] (modern [[en|fast]]) and [[non|fastr]], meaning “firm, fortified, sure”.^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Kroonen 2013) Kroonen takes the Germanic adjective to be a u-stem, remade into a ja-stem in West Germanic, as in Old High German.^(Kroonen 2013)^(WNT) Beside it stood the adverb [[m|gem-pro|*fastō]], which gave [[m|dum|vaste]], [[m|goh|fasto]] (modern [[m|de|fast|t=almost]]) and [[m|ang|fæste]]; in Dutch the adjective and adverb have fallen together.^(EWN)^(WNT) Derivatives are [[veste]], [[vestigen]], [[bevestigen]] and [[vesting]].^(EWN)

+

+ Its further origin is uncertain.^(EWN) It is usually compared with [[hy|հաստ|tr=hast|t=firm]] and perhaps [[sa|पस्त्य|tr=pastyá|t=dwelling]], from a root [[ine-pro|*ph₂st-]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Wiktionary) The Philippa dictionary prefers, after De Lamberterie (1980), a verbal adjective [[m|ine-pro|*ph₂s-tó-]] of the root that gave [[voeden]], first meaning “protected”, which fits the early use for fortifications.^(EWN) Kroonen keeps Armenian but drops the Sanskrit word, and explains the root as a compound of [[m|ine-pro|*peh₂ǵ-|t=to become firm]] and [[m|ine-pro|*steh₂-|t=to stand]].^(Kroonen 2013)^(Wiktionary) An older link with [[vak]], proposed by Schwabe in 1917, finds little support.^(De Vries 1971)^(Van Haeringen 1936)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old Dutch ''fast'' first appears in the Wachtendonck Psalms of the 10th century, in ''uue sal leiden mi an burg fastero'', “who will lead me into the fortified city?”.^(EWN)^(ONW) About 1100 the Egmond Williram has ''vaste mura bin ich'', “I am a strong wall”.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001) The first Middle Dutch record is a Ghent text of 1237: ''so es tghebot uast ende ghestade'', “then the rule shall remain firm and valid”.^(EWN)^(VMNW)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Middle Dutch used the adjective for firm objects, fortified gates and walls, a lasting peace (''vasten vreide'', 1254) and steadfast minds; the adverb ''vaste'' “tightly” appears in 1260–1280.^(EWN)^(VMNW) A text of 1446 speaks of the ''vaste aerde'', the mainland, and many compounds end in ''-vast'', such as ''bedvast'' “bedridden” and ''nagelvast'' “nailed down”.^(MNW)

+

+ From “firmly” the adverb weakened to “certainly”, as in ''vast en zeker'', and to “in the meantime, already”, as in ''begin maar vast'';^(EWN) English [[m|en|fast]] came to mean “quick” and German [[m|de|fast]] “almost”.^(EWN) Modern Dutch adds technical senses: ''vaste stof'' “solid”, a ''vaste telefoon'' “landline”, a ''vaste aanstelling'' “permanent post”.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary) The saying ''zo vast als de bank'' refers to the proverbial security of the Bank of Amsterdam.^(Stoett 1923) In Brabant ''vast'' also means “shut”.^(Debrabandere 2010)

+

+ Afrikaans has [[m|af|vas]], Berbice Dutch ''vasi'' “to fasten”, and Papiamentu ''fast'';^(Wiktionary)^(Van der Sijs 2010) Sranan Tongo ''fasi'' or ''fasti'' passed into the Javanese of Suriname.^(Wiktionary)^(Van der Sijs 2010)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 901–1000 – Old Dutch ''fastero'' “fortified” in the Wachtendonck Psalms.^(EWN)^(ONW)

+ * c. 1100 – ''Vaste mura'' “a strong wall” in the Egmond Williram.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * 1237 – Middle Dutch ''vast'' in a Ghent text.^(EWN)^(VMNW)

+ * 1254 – ''Vasten vreide'' “a lasting peace”.^(EWN)

+ * 1260–1280 – The adverb ''vaste'' “tightly”.^(EWN)

+ * 1446 – ''Vaste aerde'' “mainland”.^(MNW)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # [[m|en|firm]], firmly attached, not movable: ''een vaste brug''.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)^(WNT)

+ # Fixed, not changing place or direction; [[m|en|stuck]], unable to get out.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Steadfast, unwavering.^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # Sure, certain.^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # Unchanging, regular: ''vaste kosten'', fixed costs.^(Van Dale 2014)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # Lasting, [[m|en|permanent]]: ''een vaste baan''.^(Van Dale 2014)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # [[m|en|solid]], not liquid or soft.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # Of a telephone: using a [[m|en|landline]].^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ===Adverb===

+ # In the meantime, ahead of what follows: ''Ga maar vast zitten.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(EWN)

+ # Surely, no doubt: ''Hij komt vast te laat.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[steevast]]

+ * [[vastberaden]]

+ * [[rotsvast]]

+ * [[vastbinden]]

+ * [[vastgoed]]

+ * [[vasthouden]]

+ * [[vastleggen]]

+ * [[vastlopen]]

+ * [[vastmaken]]

+ * [[vaststellen]]

+ * [[vastzitten]]

+ * [[alvast]]

+ * [[houvast]]

+ * [[veste]]

+ * [[vesting]]

+ * [[bevestigen]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[vestigen]]

+ * [[vasten]]

+ * [[en|fast]]

+ * [[de|fest]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Stoett also records ''zo vast als een muts met zeven keelbanden'', “as firm as a cap with seven chin straps”, for something quite certain.^(Stoett 1923)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}