drie Dutch · revision 37243

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=507–800, Old Dutch (Lex Salica glosses)|origins=ine-pro *tréyes}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /dri/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''drie''' (cardinal numeral; inflected ''drieën'' in ''met z'n drieën'' and ''in drieën'')^(WNT)^(Wiktionary)

+ An older and dialect form is ''drij'', originally the masculine beside the feminine ''drie''.^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(WNT)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|drie]], [[inh|odt|thrī]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*þrīʀ]], [[inh|gem-pro|*þrīz|t=three]], [[inh|ine-pro|*tréyes|t=three]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)^(Kroonen 2013) The Germanic languages had a separate form for each gender, inflected in every case, and so did the medieval language: masculine ⟨dri⟩, feminine ⟨drie⟩, genitive ⟨drier⟩, dative ⟨drien⟩.^(EWN)^(VMNW)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) Under the influence of the demonstrative [[die]], ⟨drie⟩ became the only form.^(EWN)^(Vercoullie 1925)

+

+ The same word is [[osx|thria]], [[goh|drī]] (modern [[de|drei]]), [[ofs|thrē]] (modern [[fy|trije]]), [[ang|þrī]] (modern [[en|three]]), [[non|þrír]] (modern [[sv|tre]]) and the neuter [[got|𐌸𐍂𐌹𐌾𐌰|tr=þrija]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Kroonen 2013) Outside Germanic it is [[la|trēs]], [[grc|τρεῖς|tr=treîs]], [[sa|त्रयः|tr=tráyas]], [[lt|trỹs]], [[cu|трьѥ|tr=trĭje]], [[sga|trí]] and [[txb|trey]], the Indo-European numeral “three”.^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(Kroonen 2013) The ordinal [[derde]] arose by metathesis from older ⟨dridde⟩, itself an old derivative of the numeral.^(EWN)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The oldest trace is in the Frankish glosses of the Lex Salica (507–800), in a phrase read as “three (times eight) thousand”.^(EWN)^(ONW) Place names follow: ''Trilant'' (819–825) and ''Thri'', the hamlet of Drie near Ermelo, in 855.^(EWN)^(ONW)^(Van Berkel & Samplonius 2018) Middle Dutch ''dri'' appears around 1200, and in a Limburg word list of 1240 ''drie'' glosses Latin ''tres''.^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|111)^(VMNW)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Old Dutch already used the numeral in fixed Christian phrases, ''thie thrī dugitha'' for the three virtues of faith, hope and love and ''thrī kuninga'' for the Three Kings.^(ONW) The old dative lives on in ''met ons drieën'' and ''in drieën''.^(WNT) Arithmetic books of the 17th century taught the ''regel van drieën'', the rule of three (1623).^(WNT) In 1914 the Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal records ''drie'' as a failing school mark and ''drie hoog'' for the third floor.^(WNT)

+

+ ''Het iemand in drieën geven'', to bet that someone cannot do a thing even in three tries, is found from the 17th century.^(Stoett 1923) ''Niet tot drie kunnen tellen'' is said of a very stupid person.^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ The numeral went into Negerhollands, Berbice Dutch and Skepi Dutch, and into Sranan Tongo as ''dri'', from which Saramaccan has ''dií''.^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 507–800 – A trace of the numeral in the Lex Salica glosses.^(EWN)^(ONW)

+ * 819–825 – The place name ''Trilant''.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * 855 – ''Thri'', the hamlet of Drie near Ermelo.^(ONW)^(Van Berkel & Samplonius 2018)

+ * c. 1200 – Middle Dutch ''dri''.^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|111)

+ * 1240 – ''Drie'' glosses Latin ''tres'' in Limburg.^(VMNW)

+ * 1623 – ''Den reegel van drien'', the rule of three.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Numeral===

+ # [[m|en|three]], one more than two: ''Ik heb drie broers.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Third in a series: ''hoofdstuk drie''.^(Van Dale 2014)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+

+ ===Noun===

+ # ''(de drie)'' The figure 3.^(Van Dale 2014)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # A mark of three in school, out of ten.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[drieling]]

+ * [[dries]]

+ * [[driehoek]]

+ * [[driedubbel]]

+ * [[Driekoningen]]

+ * [[driekwart]]

+ * [[driemaal]]

+ * [[drietal]]

+ * [[drievoet]]

+ * [[drievoud]]

+ * [[drievoudig]]

+ * [[driedelig]]

+ * [[derde]]

+ * [[dertien]]

+ * [[dertig]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[en|three]]

+ * [[de|drei]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}