onder Dutch · revision 37241

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=901–1000, Wachtendonck Psalms|origins=gem-pro *under}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈɔndər/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''onder'''^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|onder]], [[inh|odt|under]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*undar]], [[inh|gem-pro|*under|t=under; among]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)^(Kroonen 2013) The same word is [[osx|undar]], [[goh|untar]] (modern [[de|unter]]), [[ofs|under]] (modern [[fy|ûnder]]), [[ang|under]] (modern [[en|under]]), [[non|undir]] and [[got|𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐍂|tr=undar]], all meaning “under”.^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Kroonen 2013) All of them except the Gothic word also meant “among, between”.^(EWN) Beside them stands a shorter Norse form, [[m|non|und|t=under]].^(EWN)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|269)

+

+ According to the EWN and Kroonen, two Indo-European prepositions fell together in the Germanic word, which is why it means both “under” and “among”.^(EWN)^(Kroonen 2013) One is [[ine-pro|*n̥dʰér|alt=*(H)n̥dʰer-|t=under]], the source of [[la|īnfrā|t=below]] and [[m|la|īnferus|t=lower]] and [[sa|अधर|tr=ádhara|t=lower]].^(EWN)^(Kroonen 2013)^(WNT) The other is [[m|ine-pro|*h₁n̥tér|t=inside, between]], a comparative of [[m|ine-pro|*h₁en|t=in]] (see [[in]]), which gave [[m|la|inter|t=between]], [[osc|anter]], [[sga|eter]], [[sa|अन्तर्|tr=antár|t=between, within]] and [[cu|ѫтрь|tr=ǫtrĭ|t=inside]]; its full grade is in [[grc|ἔντερα|tr=éntera|t=entrails]] and [[m|non|iðrar|t=entrails]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Kroonen 2013) The older scholars were already divided: the Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal gave the senses separate articles, and Franck–Van Wijk thought the merger likely but not certain.^(WNT)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(Vercoullie 1925)

+

+ With the suffix of [[m|la|internus]], the same base formed a Germanic noun for the time “in between”, Middle Dutch [[m|dum|onderen|t=forenoon]], [[m|ang|undern|t=mid-morning]] and [[m|got|𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐌹𐌼𐌰𐍄𐍃|tr=undaurnimats|t=breakfast]].^(De Vries 1971)^(Van Haeringen 1936)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old Dutch ''under'' is first recorded in the Wachtendonck Psalms of the 10th century, already in both senses: ''undir tungon minro'' “under my tongue” and ''in uuosc under unsculdigin hendi mina'' “I washed my hands among the innocent”.^(EWN)^(ONW)^(Van der Sijs 2001) The psalms also use it of time, “during”.^(ONW) In Middle Dutch it appears in Ghent in 1236, in a passage about feather cushions ''onder hare houede'' “under their heads”.^(EWN)^(VMNW)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In 13th-century Middle Dutch the preposition meant “below”, “at the foot of” (a tree, a mountain), “among” (''onder de guldebroeders'', 1277) and “under the rule of” (''onder minen here'', 1277); ''onder den dach'' and ''onder den hemel'' meant “here on earth”, and ''onder hant hebben'' “to be busy with”.^(EWN)^(VMNW) As an adverb it is recorded from 1260 in Brabant, for “at the bottom” and “downwards”, and of the sun, “set”.^(VMNW)^(Van der Sijs 2001) It once governed the dative as well as the accusative; the Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal found the dative still in 17th-century Bible Dutch and only in the fixed ''onder ede'' “under oath” in its own day.^(WNT)

+

+ The adverb is part of many separable verbs (''onderlopen'' “to be flooded”, ''onderduiken'' “to dive under, go into hiding”); in 1681 Winschoten found ''de kelder liep onder'' an odd way of saying that the cellar was flooded.^(Winschoten 1681)^(WikiWoordenboek) In 19th-century Flemish writing De Vreese marked ''onder pers zijn'' “to be in the press” and ''onder dit opzicht'' “in this respect” as gallicisms after French ''sous presse'' and ''sous ce rapport''.^(De Vreese 1899) Stoett explains ''iets onder de leden hebben'', to be sickening for something, from ''leden'' in the sense “the body”, a phrase found in the Middle Ages.^(Stoett 1923)

+

+ The preposition is one of the few Dutch prepositions that other languages took over as prepositions: Sranan Tongo [[m|srn|ondro]], Berbice Dutch ''ondro'', Negerhollands ''onder'', ''ondu'' and Aukan ''ondoo''.^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary) In the East Indies ''onder'' became an Indonesian title for an assistant district head in colonial times.^(Van der Sijs 2010)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 901–1000 – Old Dutch ''under'' “under” and “among” appears in the Wachtendonck Psalms.^(EWN)^(ONW)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * 1236 – Middle Dutch ''onder hare houede'' “under their heads”, in Ghent.^(EWN)^(VMNW)

+ * 1260 – The adverb ''onder'' “at the bottom” is first recorded, in Brabant.^(VMNW)

+ * 1277 – ''Onder minen here'' “under my lord's rule”.^(EWN)

+ * 1285 – ''Doe die sonne onder was'', “when the sun had set”, in a West Flemish text.^(VMNW)

+ * 1688 – A Bible edition still writes the dative ''onder den volcke'' “among the people”.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Preposition===

+ # [[m|en|under]], [[m|en|below]], [[m|en|beneath]]: in a lower place than: ''de kat slaapt onder de tafel''.^(Wiktionary)^(WikiWoordenboek)^(WNT)

+ # Covered with: ''zijn schoenen zaten onder de modder''.^(Wiktionary)

+ # [[m|en|among]], in the midst of, including: ''onder vrienden''.^(Wiktionary)^(WikiWoordenboek)^(WNT)

+ # During an action or process: ''onder het eten werd er niet gepraat''.^(Wiktionary)^(ONW)

+ # Under the authority or influence of: ''onder toezicht staan''.^(EWN)^(WNT)

+

+ ===Adverb===

+ # At the bottom, underneath: ''van boven tot onder'', over the whole length.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Down, downwards; after a noun, implying movement: ''de trap onder''.^(Wiktionary)^(VMNW)

+ # Part of separable verbs (''onderduiken'') and of pronominal adverbs (''waaronder'', ''eronder'').^(WikiWoordenboek)^(WNT)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[onderling]]

+ * [[onderst]]

+ * [[onderaan]]

+ * [[ondertussen]]

+ * [[onderweg]]

+ * [[ondersteboven]]

+ * [[onderdoor]]

+ * [[onderbroek]]

+ * [[onderarm]]

+ * [[onderduiken]]

+ * [[ondergaan]]

+ * [[onderhouden]]

+ * [[onderbrengen]]

+ * [[onderdoen]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[onder-]]

+ * [[in]]

+ * [[en|under]]

+ * [[de|unter]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Stoett explains ''er de wind onder hebben'', to have authority over others, from leaves driven before the wind.^(Stoett 1923) In Flemish ''onder de hand hebben'' for “to have at hand” was criticised as a loan translation of French ''avoir sous la main''; in the north the phrase means “secretly” or “in the meantime”.^(De Vreese 1899)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}