elk Dutch · revision 37240

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=inherited|attested=1220–1240, Middle Dutch (Aiol)|origins=gem-pro *ainaz, gem-pro *galīką}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ɛlk/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''elk'''^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|elc]] (also ⟨eelc⟩, ⟨elic⟩, ⟨ellic⟩), a strongly contracted form of a very old compound whose parts are not certain.^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(MNW) The same word is [[gml|elk]], [[ofs|ellik]] (modern [[fy|elts]]) and [[ang|ǣlc]] (modern [[en|each]]); because there are so few variant forms, the original parts are hard to fix.^(EWN)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)

+

+ The usual view, which the EWN, De Vries and Franck–Van Wijk share, takes the first part as the numeral [[een]], [[gem-pro|*ainaz|alt=*aina-]], and the second as [[m|gem-pro|*galīką|alt=*(ga)līka-|t=body, person]], the ancestor of [[lijk]] and [[-lijk]], so that the compound first meant “each person separately”.^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997) De Vries supports it with the Carolingian psalm gloss [[odt|einuuilikīn]] rendering [[la|ūnusquisque|alt=unicuique|t=to each one]], and compares [[m|dum|manlijc|t=everyone]].^(De Vries 1971) Horn, followed by Van Haeringen, preferred a second part like [[osx|gihwilīk]] and [[goh|gihwelīh]] “each” (see [[welk]]), as in [[odt|dagauuelikis|t=every day]] of the Wachtendonck Psalms; the EWN thinks this less likely.^(Van Haeringen 1936)^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971) Wiktionary analyses the West Germanic form in that way, as [[gmw-pro|*aiwgahwalīk|t=each, every]], from [[m|gmw-pro|*aiw|t=ever]], [[m|gmw-pro|*ga-]] and [[m|gmw-pro|*hwilīk]].^(Wiktionary)

+

+ The development of the vowel matches that in [[elf]].^(WNT)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) The North Brabant dialect form ⟨ielk⟩ probably owes its vowel to [[ieder]].^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Middle Dutch ''elc'' is first recorded in the romance ''Aiol'' (1220–1240).^(Van der Sijs 2001)^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997) In a Ghent text of 1236 one must give ''elken'' “to each” what he needs, ''niet na elcs edelhede, nemar na sinre noet'' “not according to each one's rank, but according to his need”.^(EWN)^(VMNW)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In 13th-century charters the word is used alone for “each one” and in phrases that stress the single person within a group: ''elc allene'', ''elc sonderlinghe'' “each one separately”, and the legal ''alle ende elc sonderlanghe'' “all jointly and each severally”.^(VMNW) With a noun meaning “time” it gave ''te elken male'', later ''telken'' and [[telkens]] “every time”.^(MNW) Its distributive sense, “each in turn”, also explains [[elkaar]], older ''elkander'', from ''elk'' and ''ander'': Middle Dutch could still write ''elc sloech anderen'' for “they hit each other”.^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(WNT)

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+ From the 16th century the Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal records ''elk'' as a pronoun for “everyone” (1528), a use that it calls no longer usual in the northern Netherlands in its own day, and ''elk en een iegelijk'' as a formula of official language.^(WNT) ''Elk wat wils'', “something for everyone” (1600), may echo the Vulgate's ''ut sumeret unusquisque quod vellet'' in the Book of Esther.^(WNT) As a determiner before a noun, ''elke'', it is the ordinary word for “each, every”.^(WNT)^(Van Dale 2014)

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+ Negerhollands took the word as ''elk'' “each, every”, used only before nouns.^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1220–1240 – Middle Dutch ''elc'' appears in ''Aiol''.^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * 1236 – ''Elken'' “to each” in a Ghent text.^(EWN)^(VMNW)

+ * 1350 – ''Telken als'' “each time that” in a Flemish text.^(MNW)

+ * 1528 – ''Elc'' “everyone”: the emperor will reward each according to his deserts.^(WNT)

+ * 1600 – ''Elck wat wils'' “something for everyone” is recorded.^(WNT)

+ * 1642 – ''Elk onder ander'' “mixed up together”, of blood, flesh and bones.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Determiner===

+ # [[m|en|each]], [[m|en|every]]: ''elke ochtend fietst ze naar haar werk''.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)^(WNT)

+

+ ===Pronoun===

+ # Each one, every person or thing of a limited number.^(Van Dale 2014)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # ''(chiefly in expressions)'' [[m|en|everyone]], everybody: ''elk wat wils''.^(Wiktionary)^(WNT)

+ # Used with a numeral to show that it is meant distributively: ''de kinderen kregen elk drie knikkers''.^(WikiWoordenboek)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[elkaar]]

+ * [[elkander]]

+ * [[elkeen]]

+ * [[telkens]]

+ * [[telkenmale]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[een]]

+ * [[-lijk]]

+ * [[lijk]]

+ * [[ieder]]

+ * [[welk]]

+ * [[en|each]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''In elk geval'' means “in any case, certainly”.^(Van Dale 2014) The strengthened ''elk een'' “every one” is now regional, especially in the south.^(WNT)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}