lopen Dutch · revision 37234

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=901–1000, Wachtendonck Psalms|origins=gem-pro *hlaupaną}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈloːpə(n)/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''lopen'''^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|lopen]], [[inh|odt|lōpan]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*hlaupan]], [[inh|gem-pro|*hlaupaną|t=to leap, run]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)^(Kroonen 2013) The same verb is [[osx|hlōpan|t=to run]], [[goh|loufan|t=to run]] (modern [[de|laufen]]), [[ofs|hlāpa|t=to run]] (modern [[fy|ljeppe|t=to leap with a pole]]), [[ang|hlēapan|t=to leap, run]] (modern [[en|leap]]), [[non|hlaupa|t=to run, leap]] and [[got|𐌿𐍃𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌿𐍀𐌰𐌽|tr=ushlaupan|t=to leap up]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Kroonen 2013) The noun [[loop]] belongs with it.^(EWN)

+

+ Nothing outside Germanic is certainly related.^(EWN)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|233) The Philippa dictionary and Kroonen compare [[lt|klupti|alt=klùpti|t=to stumble]] and [[lv|klupt|t=to stumble, kneel]], but De Vries and the Philippa dictionary both find the gap in meaning between stumbling and running too wide for the comparison to be safe.^(EWN)^(Kroonen 2013)^(De Vries 1971) Kroonen explains the strong verb as made afresh from an iterative [[m|gem-pro|*hluppōną]].^(Kroonen 2013)

+

+ The oldest meaning in Dutch, as in most Germanic languages, was probably “to run, to leap”.^(EWN)^(WNT) Already in Middle Dutch the verb was mostly used without any thought of speed and shared many senses with [[gaan]].^(EWN)^(MNW)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old Dutch ''loupon'' first appears in the Wachtendonck Psalms of the 10th century, in the line ''mendida also wrisil te louponi uueh'' “he rejoiced like a giant to run the way”.^(EWN)^(ONW)^(Van der Sijs 2001) About 1100 the Egmond Williram has ''louphen'' “to run” after the scent of “your ointments”.^(EWN)^(ONW) In Middle Dutch a text from the Lower Rhine of 1220 says that a horse ''liep'' “ran” as its rider wished, and a Limburg word list of 1240 glosses Latin ''cursitare'' with ''lopen''.^(VMNW)^(EWN)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ From running the verb spread early to things that move: in 1264 a ditch ''loept'' “flows” along the north side of a field, and around 1265–1270 bitter tears ran from a woman's eyes.^(EWN) The Middelnederlandsch Woordenboek notes that the Middle Dutch verb was already applied to abstract things and lifeless objects, such as a clock.^(MNW) The Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal sets the fast sense, still the usual one in Brabant dialect, beside the ordinary sense “to walk”, and records sayings such as ''lopen als een haas'' “to run like a hare”.^(WNT) In the Netherlands ''lopen'' has lost the idea of speed and means walking, with ''rennen'' for running; in Belgium the old contrast survives, so that Belgian ''gaan'' and ''lopen'' answer roughly to Netherlands ''lopen'' and ''rennen''.^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ In modern Dutch the verb also covers machines that work, time and business that go on, and roads that run in a direction.^(Van Dale 2014)^(WikiWoordenboek) Since about 1970 one can ''in de ziektewet lopen'', live on sickness benefit.^(Reinsma 1975)^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ Dutch speakers took the verb abroad: Negerhollands had ''loop'', ''lo'' and ''lu'' “to go”, Skepi Dutch in Guyana ''lop'', and through Afrikaans [[m|af|loop]] it reached South African English as ''loop'' “to walk, go away”.^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 901–1000 – Old Dutch ''te louponi'' “to run” in the Wachtendonck Psalms.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * c. 1100 – ''Louphen'' in the Egmond Williram.^(EWN)^(ONW)

+ * 1220 – Middle Dutch ''liep'' “ran”, of a horse, in a text from the Lower Rhine.^(VMNW)

+ * 1240 – ''Lopen'' glosses Latin ''cursitare'' in a Limburg word list.^(VMNW)^(EWN)

+ * 1264 – The verb is used of a ditch that flows.^(EWN)

+ * 1602 – A writer says that small children, as soon as they begin to walk, go to the water to learn to swim.^(WNT)

+ * 17th century – Bredero's warning ''loop niet in 't water'', said to someone too taken with their own looks.^(Stoett 1923)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # ''(chiefly Netherlands)'' To [[m|en|walk]], to go on foot: ''we liepen naar het station''.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(chiefly Belgium)'' To [[m|en|run]], to go fast on foot.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Of things: to move along, as a belt, a rope over a pulley, a train.^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # To [[m|en|flow]], to stream; to drip or [[m|en|leak]].^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Of devices: to work, to be running.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Of time, contracts and business: to be in progress, to go on.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To stretch, to extend in a direction: ''het pad loopt langs de rivier''.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To turn out, to develop: ''het liep anders dan gepland''.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To be in a state, such as ''in de ziektewet lopen'', to be on sickness benefit.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Reinsma 1975)

+ # ''(with te)'' Forms a continuous aspect: ''hij loopt te zeuren'', he keeps complaining.^(Wiktionary)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # ''(transitive)'' To attend, to follow: ''college lopen'', to attend lectures.^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[loop]]

+ * [[loper]]

+ * [[loops]]

+ * [[geloop]]

+ * [[loopbaan]]

+ * [[loopgraaf]]

+ * [[loopjongen]]

+ * [[looppas]]

+ * [[looprek]]

+ * [[aflopen]]

+ * [[verlopen]]

+ * [[ontlopen]]

+ * [[hardlopen]]

+ * [[klaplopen]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[galopperen]]

+ * [[gaan]]

+ * [[en|leap]]

+ * [[de|laufen]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ The imperative ''loop'' is used in curses meaning “go away!”, as in ''loop naar de duivel'', and Bredero already has it; often it is weakened to “nonsense!”.^(Van Sterkenburg 2001) In Surinamese Dutch ''je mond loopt'' means that someone talks too much, a calque of Sranan Tongo.^(Van Donselaar 1989)

+

+ Another ''lopen'', a neuter noun, was a dry measure for grain, salt and lime, also used of a land measure; it survives in dialects of north-western Brabant and Friesland.^(De Vries 1971)^(WNT) Middle Dutch has it as ''lôpe'', ''loop'' and ''lopin'' from 1351.^(MNW)^(De Vries 1971) De Vries explains it as a diminutive of a noun meaning “basket”, as in [[m|gml|lōp|t=small wooden cask]], [[m|ang|lēap|t=basket]] and [[m|non|laupr|t=basket]], while the Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal calls its origin unknown.^(De Vries 1971)^(WNT)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}