vallen Dutch · revision 37233

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=901–1000, Wachtendonck Psalms|origins=gem-pro *fallaną}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈvɑlə(n)/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''vallen'''^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|vallen]], [[inh|odt|fallan]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*fallan]], [[inh|gem-pro|*fallaną|t=to fall]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)^(Kroonen 2013) The same verb is [[osx|fallan]], [[goh|fallan]] (modern [[de|fallen]]), [[ofs|falla]] (modern [[fy|falle]]), [[ang|feallan]] (modern [[en|fall]]) and [[non|falla]], all meaning “to fall”; the Gothic verb was [[m|got|𐌳𐍂𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌽|tr=driusan|t=to fall]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(MNW)^(WNT) The causative is [[vellen]], and [[val]] is the noun.^(EWN)^(Kroonen 2013) The double ⟨ll⟩ of this old reduplicating verb comes from a present suffix ⟨-n-⟩ assimilated to the ⟨l⟩ before it.^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(WNT)

+

+ Outside Germanic the verb is related to [[lt|pulti|alt=pùlti|t=to fall]] and [[xcl|փլանիմ|tr=pʻlanim|t=I fall]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997) The Philippa dictionary does not derive it from a root [[ine-pro|*peh₃lH-|t=to fall]], as the Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben does, but follows Neri (2007), who analyses it as the adverb [[m|ine-pro|*h₂pó|t=off]] joined to the root [[m|ine-pro|*h₃elh₁-|t=to fall]];^(EWN)^(Kroonen 2013) Kroonen agrees.^(EWN)^(Kroonen 2013) On that view [[la|dēleō|t=to destroy]], [[m|la|aboleō|t=to destroy]] and [[grc|ἀπόλλυμι|tr=apóllūmi|t=to destroy, kill]] are related too.^(EWN)^(Wiktionary) Franck–Van Wijk reject the old comparison with [[m|la|fallō|t=to deceive]], whose ⟨f⟩ cannot continue the sound required.^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old Dutch ''fallan'' first appears in the Wachtendonck Psalms of the 10th century: the wicked dug a pit before the psalmist and ''fielon'' “fell” into it themselves, and the Moors ''fallon sulun'' “shall fall down”.^(EWN)^(ONW)^(Van der Sijs 2001) In Middle Dutch a text of 1236 has blood that falls from lips onto clothes, and in the same year the figurative sense “to fall into a state”, of falling into deadly sins.^(EWN)^(VMNW)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The verb of motion developed many senses early: by 1265–1270 ''het es geuallen'' meant “it happened”.^(EWN) The 13th-century texts already use it of falling in battle, of birds caught in a snare and of falling into someone's trap.^(VMNW) Many senses passed to derivatives: [[aanvallen]] “to attack”, [[bevallen]] “to give birth” and “to please”, [[geval]] “case, event” and [[toeval]] “chance”.^(EWN) The Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal thinks that Latin [[m|la|cadō]] and French [[m|fr|tomber]] influenced the way the meanings grew, and De Vreese took ''buiten iemands bereik vallen'' “to be beyond someone's reach” as a gallicism.^(WNT)^(De Vreese 1899)

+

+ The proverb ''een boom valt niet met de eerste slag'', that a hard task is not done at once, is already Middle Dutch, and the same saying is known in Medieval Latin, French, German and English.^(Stoett 1923) In the 20th century ''op iemand vallen'' came to mean “to fall for someone”.^(Reinsma 1975)

+

+ The verb went into Negerhollands as ''val'' and into Berbice Dutch as ''falu'';^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary) Afrikaans has [[m|af|val]].^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 901–1000 – Old Dutch ''fielon'' “fell” in the Wachtendonck Psalms.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * c. 1200 – Middle Dutch ''vallen'' is first recorded, in Limburg.^(VMNW)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|398)

+ * 1236 – Blood falls from lips, and a man falls into deadly sins.^(EWN)^(VMNW)

+ * 1240 – ''Vallen'' glosses Latin ''cadere'' in a Limburg word list.^(VMNW)

+ * 1265–1270 – ''Het es geuallen'' “it happened”.^(EWN)

+ * 1526 – The crumbs that fall from their masters' table, in a Bible translation.^(WNT)

+ * 1736 – A physics book says that bodies fall at different speeds because of the resistance of the air.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|fall]], to come down through the air by [[m|en|gravity]].^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To fall over, to come to the ground by accident: ''ze viel van de trap''.^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # To come into a position or state: ''in slaap vallen'', to fall asleep.^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # To fall on a date: ''Pasen valt vroeg dit jaar''.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Of hair or cloth: to hang loosely.^(Van Dale 2014)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # To begin, to set in: ''de avond valt'', night falls.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(formal)'' To be killed in battle; of a government, to resign before its term.^(Van Dale 2014)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # To be received in a certain way: ''dat viel niet goed''.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To be dropped or lost: ''het plan liet hij vallen''.^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # To go down, to sink, as the tide.^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # ''(with te)'' To be possible: ''er valt niets meer aan te doen''.^(Wiktionary)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # ''(nautical)'' Of a sailing ship: to fall off from the wind.^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[val]]

+ * [[valreep]]

+ * [[valhelm]]

+ * [[valscherm]]

+ * [[aanvallen]]

+ * [[bevallen]]

+ * [[invallen]]

+ * [[meevallen]]

+ * [[tegenvallen]]

+ * [[opvallen]]

+ * [[toevallen]]

+ * [[geval]]

+ * [[toeval]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[vellen]]

+ * [[en|fall]]

+ * [[de|fallen]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ The verb takes ''zijn'' as its auxiliary; in some dialects ''hebben'' was used too, and in Middle Dutch ''hebben'' was common when the action itself was meant.^(WNT)^(MNW) Curses with ''vallen'', such as ''val dood!'', mean “drop dead!”.^(Van Sterkenburg 2001) In Surinamese Dutch a cake that sinks in the oven ''valt''.^(Van Donselaar 1989)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}