samen Dutch · revision 37232

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=901–1000, Wachtendonck Psalms|origins=ine-pro *sem-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈsaː.mə(n)/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''samen'''^(Wiktionary)

+ A shortened form is ''saam''.^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997)^(De Vries 1971)^(WNT) The formal written variant is ''tezamen''.^(EWN)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|tsamen]], a contraction of [[m|dum|tesamen]], from [[odt|te saman|alt=tesaman]]: the adverb [[m|odt|saman|t=together]] with the preposition [[te]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997) The adverb is [[inh|gmw-pro|*saman]], [[inh|gem-pro|*samana|t=together]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary) The phrase with a preposition is also [[osx|tesamna]], [[goh|zisamane]] (modern [[de|zusammen]]), [[ofs|to samene]] and [[ang|tōsomne]]; without it the word is [[m|osx|saman]], [[m|goh|saman]], [[m|ang|somen]], [[non|saman]] and [[got|𐍃𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰|tr=samana]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) The original sense was probably “to the same place”, from [[m|gem-pro|*sama-|t=same]] with a suffix of direction.^(EWN) That stem continues the o-grade of [[ine-pro|*sem-|t=one]], the root of [[sommige]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ In Middle Dutch an ⟨s⟩ before a vowel was usually voiced, but after ⟨t⟩ it became voiceless, and the cluster /ts/ was later simplified to /s/.^(EWN)^(Wiktionary) The voiced sound was written ⟨z⟩ from Early Modern Dutch on, which is why [[tezamen]], [[verzamelen]] and [[gezamenlijk]] have ⟨z⟩.^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old Dutch ''saman'' first appears in the Wachtendonck Psalms of the 10th century, in ''thie samon mit mi suota nami muos'' “who took sweet food together with me”.^(EWN)^(ONW)^(Van der Sijs 2001) The phrase ''zesamene gebunden'' “bound together” follows in the Egmond Williram of about 1100.^(EWN)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Middle Dutch used the adverb alone, as in a text of 1200 where all were merry ''samen'', but mostly with ''te'': around 1201–1225 Floris finds Blanchefleur ''tesamene'' with him in a room, and a Limburg word list of 1240 has ''te samene sitten'' “to meet” and ''te samene slapen'' “to sleep together”.^(EWN)^(VMNW) The contracted ''tsamen'' appears in the first half of the 14th century.^(EWN)

+

+ Spelling long wavered: ''tsamen'' and ''t'samen'' were written until well into the 18th century, ''tzamen'' from Mellema's dictionary of 1618, and both ''samen'' and ''zamen'' had followers until the word list of 1866 made ''samen'' general.^(WNT) In some rural areas ''samen'' was added to a greeting addressed to a group, as in ''goeie morgen zaam'', and an informal ''goedenavond samen'' is still used.^(WNT)^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ Through Afrikaans [[m|af|saam]] the word reached Shona, and Negerhollands had ''tesaemen''.^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 901–1000 – Old Dutch ''samon'' “together” in the Wachtendonck Psalms.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * c. 1100 – ''Zesamene'' “together” in the Egmond Williram.^(EWN)

+ * 1200 – Middle Dutch ''samen'' is first recorded.^(EWN)^(VMNW)

+ * 1201–1225 – ''Tesamene'' in the romance of Floris and Blanchefleur.^(EWN)^(VMNW)

+ * 1300–1350 – The contracted form ''tsamen'' appears.^(EWN)

+ * 1618 – Mellema's dictionary has the spelling ''tzamen''.^(WNT)

+ * 1866 – The official word list makes ''samen'' the standard spelling.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adverb===

+ # [[m|en|together]], in one place, in each other's company.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # With one another, jointly: ''ze hebben het huis samen gekocht''.^(Van Dale 2014)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # Among themselves, mutually: ''de buren hadden samen ruzie''.^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # In total, taken together: ''dat is samen tien euro''.^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[samenstelling]]

+ * [[samenhang]]

+ * [[samenleven]]

+ * [[samenspraak]]

+ * [[samengaan]]

+ * [[samenspannen]]

+ * [[samenbrengen]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[tezamen]]

+ * [[verzamelen]]

+ * [[gezamenlijk]]

+ * [[zamelen]]

+ * [[sommige]]

+ * [[de|zusammen]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Samen uit, samen thuis'' says that what is begun together should be finished together.^(Van Dale 2014) In South Africa the form ''saam'' strengthens ''met'', as in ''met di trein saam''.^(WNT)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}