redden Dutch · revision 37231

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=1471, Middle Dutch (eastern)|origins=gem-pro *hradjaną}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈrɛ.də(n)/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''redden'''^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|redden]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*hraddjan]], [[inh|gem-pro|*hradjaną|t=to save, rescue]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary) The same verb is [[gml|redden]], [[goh|retten]] (modern [[de|retten]]), [[ofs|hredda]] (modern [[fy|rêde]]) and [[ang|hreddan]] (dated modern [[en|redd]]), all meaning “to save, deliver”;^(EWN)^(WNT)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|306) Franck–Van Wijk and De Vries also set [[m|en|rid]] beside them.^(EWN)^(WNT)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|306) Swedish [[m|sv|rädda]] was borrowed from Middle Low German.^(EWN)

+

+ The verb is found only in West Germanic, which suggests that it is fairly young.^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971) Kroonen, De Vries and Van Veen take it as a verb formed from the adjective [[m|gem-pro|*hraþaz|alt=*hraþa-|t=quick]], the source of [[rad#2]] “quick”, so that it first meant “to snatch away quickly” or “to be quick”.^(Kroonen 2013)^(De Vries 1971)^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997)^(WNT) The Philippa dictionary also allows a causative of [[ine-pro|*ḱreth₂-|t=to free oneself]], but the only related words would then be in Sanskrit, such as [[m|sa|श्रथ्|tr=śrath|t=to be loosened]];^(EWN)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(Wiktionary) Franck–Van Wijk find that link less likely.^(EWN)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The verb appears late: in 1471 a text from the east of the Middle Dutch area uses ''redden'' with ''loissen'' of redeeming a pledge, and the Teuthonista of 1477 glosses it “to free, protect”.^(EWN)^(MNW)^(Van der Sijs 2001) The Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal explains the late start by its absence from the southern dialects;^(WNT)^(De Vries 1971)^(MNW) Kiliaan marks it as Saxon, Frisian and Gelderland, and the Middle Dutch examples come from North Holland and Gelderland.^(WNT)^(De Vries 1971)^(MNW)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In early modern Dutch the verb meant both “to help, deliver” (1573) and “to set in order”: in 1602 sailors who had escaped the enemy put their ship back in order as well as they could.^(EWN)^(WNT) From the second sense came ''schulden redden'', to settle debts (1609), and ''de boel redden'', to settle a dead man's estate and then any awkward situation (1625).^(WNT) From these the Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal derives ''het redden'', “to manage, to succeed”, found from the early 19th century.^(WNT) Winschoten wrote in 1681 that a ship stuck on a bank was ''niet te redden'' and called a dismasted one [[reddeloos]].^(Winschoten 1681)

+

+ Modern fixed phrases are ''de eer redden'', to save one's honour, and ''zijn gezicht redden'', to save face.^(Van Dale 2014) ''Iemand uit de brand helpen'' or ''redden'', to get someone out of trouble, was new in Stoett's day.^(Stoett 1923)

+

+ Danish and Norwegian [[m|da|redde]] were borrowed from Dutch or Low German, and Negerhollands had ''red'';^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary) Afrikaans has [[m|af|red]].^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1471 – Middle Dutch ''redden'' “to redeem” a pledge, in an eastern text.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001)^(MNW)

+ * 1477 – The Teuthonista glosses ''redden'' “to free, protect”.^(EWN)^(MNW)

+ * 1573 – ''Redden'' “to help, deliver” in the Thesaurus of Plantin.^(EWN)

+ * 1602 – Sailors ''redden'' “put in order” their ship.^(EWN)^(WNT)

+ * 1625 – ''Den boel redden'' “to settle an estate”.^(WNT)

+ * 1681 – Winschoten uses ''redden'' and ''reddeloos'' of ships.^(Winschoten 1681)

+ * 1807 – ''Het redden'' “to manage” is recorded.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|save]], to [[m|en|rescue]]: to get someone or something out of danger or a difficult situation.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(reflexive)'' ''zich redden'', to cope, to manage on one's own.^(Wiktionary)^(WNT)

+ # ''het redden'': to make it, to manage, to succeed; also to survive.^(WNT)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(no longer general)'' To set in order, to arrange.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[reddeloos]]

+ * [[redder]]

+ * [[redding]]

+ * [[redmiddel]]

+ * [[redster]]

+ * [[redzaam]]

+ * [[redzaamheid]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[redderen]]

+ * [[ontredderd]]

+ * [[rad#2]]

+ * [[de|retten]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ The Middelnederlandsch Woordenboek gives ''redden'' “to set in order, to settle a dispute” an article of its own and thinks it more probably a variant of [[m|dum|reden]] than the same word, a sense continued by [[redderen]] and [[ontredderd]].^(MNW) The Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal treats both under one heading.^(WNT)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}