jongen Dutch · revision 37229

+ {{homograph|1|boy}}

+

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=1300–1325, Middle Dutch|origins=gem-pro *jungaz}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈjɔ.ŋə(n)/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''jongen''' ''m'' (plural jongens, diminutive jongetje n)^(Wiktionary)

+ Older plurals are ''jongers'' and ''jongeren'', used in the States Bible.^(WNT) Besides ''jongetje'' the diminutives ''jongentje'' and ''jongske'' are found.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ The noun is [[inh|dum|jonghe|t=youth, young man]], the weak form of the adjective [[jong]] used as a noun.^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) The adjective goes back to [[gem-pro|*jungaz|t=young]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary) The ending ⟨-en⟩ of the oblique cases was later taken into the nominative, and Kiliaan still gives both forms; the old form survives in the diminutive [[jongetje]].^(EWN)^(WNT)^(De Vries 1971) In the same way [[goh|jungo]] gave modern [[de|Junge]], and [[fy|jonge]] is the same.^(EWN)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)

+

+ Van Haeringen notes that ⟨jonge⟩ lives on in much of the language area, and that the North Holland form ⟨joon⟩ shows that ⟨jongen⟩ was really spoken, not only written.^(Van Haeringen 1936) Vercoullie took the word for a derivative with an ⟨-n⟩ suffix, like [[m|goh|jungino]].^(Vercoullie 1925)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Middle Dutch ''jonghe'' as a noun is recorded in 1300–1325, in a line about the youth who sins through excess.^(EWN) The form ''jongen'' is first dated 1479.^(Van der Sijs 2001)^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In a dictionary of 1573 ''een ionge, oft ioncksken'' translates French ''garçon''.^(WNT) In the plural the word could mean children of either sex, as in ''vort, jongens!'' “off you go, children!” (1840), and in the south young people of both sexes.^(WNT) ''Jongens'' is still a familiar way to address a group, and men use ''jongen'' to each other.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ''Jongens van Jan de Witt'' “tough fellows” has nothing to do with the statesman Johan de Witt;^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997) Van Veen and Van der Sijs connect it with Johann von Werth, a soldier of the Thirty Years' War who rose to field marshal.^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997) Stoett explains ''een bengel van een jongen'', where ''bengel'' “cudgel” came to mean a rascal.^(Stoett 1923)

+

+ The noun was borrowed into Indonesian as ''jongos'' “servant”, into Malay, Javanese and Sranan Tongo (''yongu'').^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1300–1325 – Middle Dutch ''jonghe'' “young man”.^(EWN)

+ * 1479 – The form ''jongen'' is recorded.^(Van der Sijs 2001)^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997)

+ * 1573 – ''Een ionge, oft ioncksken'' translates French ''garçon''.^(WNT)

+ * 1599 – Kiliaan gives both ''jonghe'' and ''jonghen''.^(EWN)

+ * 1840 – ''Vort, jongens!'' addresses children.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|boy]], a male child.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(informal)'' A man, a fellow: ''hij is een aardige jongen''.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(in the plural, vocative)'' Guys, folks: a way to address a group.^(Wiktionary)^(WNT)

+ # ''(familiar)'' A boy servant or an apprentice.^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(dated)'' A friend, a sweetheart.^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[jongetje]]

+ * [[jongens]]

+ * [[jongensachtig]]

+ * [[jongensboek]]

+ * [[kwajongen]]

+ * [[tjonge]]

+ * [[loopjongen]]

+ * [[straatjongen]]

+ * [[boerenjongen]]

+

+ {{homograph|2|to give birth to young}}

+

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=1588, Kiliaan}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈjɔ.ŋə(n)/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''jongen'''^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ The verb is [[af|nl|jong|-en]], formed from the noun [[jong]] “young animal”.^(WNT)^(Wiktionary) The same verb is [[gml|jungen|t=to have young]] and German [[m|de|jungen]], recorded in the Vocabularius theutonicus of 1482.^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(De Vries 1971)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|180) [[gmh|jungen]] meant only “to become young”, and the Middelnederlandsch Woordenboek infers a Middle Dutch [[m|dum|jongen|t=to become young]] from [[verjongen]].^(De Vries 1971)^(MNW)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Kiliaan records ''jonghen'' “to give birth to young” in 1588, as a synonym of ''worpen''.^(WNT)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|180)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The verb is mostly used of mammals; in 1621 it was used of a kingfisher sitting on eggs, and in coarse speech of a woman (1699).^(WNT) Figuratively, money that bears interest ''jongt'' (1898), and in Flanders a thunderstorm that gathers on the horizon is said to ''jongen''.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1588 – Kiliaan records ''jonghen'' “to have young”.^(WNT)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|180)

+ * 1621 – The verb is used of a brooding kingfisher.^(WNT)

+ * 1898 – Money is said to mate and ''jongen''.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # Of animals: to give birth to young, to [[m|en|whelp]], to [[m|en|litter]].^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(figuratively)'' To multiply, to grow.^(Wiktionary)^(WNT)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[aanjongen]]

+ * [[uitjongen]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[jongeman]]

+ * [[jongere]]

+ * [[jonker]]

+ * [[jonkheer]]

+ * [[jong]]

+ * [[verjongen]]

+ * [[de|Junge]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}